Effects of Prolonged Cold and the Outdoor Winter Environment on Apparent Digestibility in Sheep and Cattle

Christopherson, R. J.

doi:10.4141/cjas76-024

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The effective ambient temperature the Blaxter and wainman (1961) (Christopherson 1976). consumption, apparent feed digestibility and…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The effects of thermal stress on MATERIALS AND METHODS the digestive system has been attributed Animals, Management and Experimental Design mainly to a reduced retention time of partic-The experimental animals were six steers (1/3 ulate digesta in the ruminoreticulum in issoci-Angus x l/3 Charolais x l/3 Galloway) from a ation with a rapid turnover of fluid markers strain selected for small mature size, bred at the and increased motitity during cold exposur" ,t#lililtilri,i,"ijtffll;,Tfi_'JTJi;J.:t#f; in-sheep (Kennedy et al 1916; Westra and with rumen cannulae (10_cm diameter). The Christopherson 1976; Kennedy and Milligan animals were siven a minimum of 3 wk to recover 1978); for cattle, less information is available from surgery' and then were transferred into (Christopherson 1976;Warren et al 1974). individual metabolism crates, where they underAlthoughtheincreaseddigestibiliryof organic went acclimation for digestion and metabolism matter by cattle in a warm environment was experlments.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, rumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers

Miaron¹,

Christopherson²

1992

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 1992. Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, fumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers. Can. J. Anim. . Six steers fitted with permanent rumen cannulae and fed alfalfa-grass hay were kept at either -10, l0 or 28"C for 21 d to evaluate the effects ofprolonged thermal exposue on heat production (HP) and digestive responses. HP was lowest at 28'C and increased significantiy (P < 0.05) as the ternperature was reduced to -10'C. The duration of the biphasic reticular contraction during resting was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at -10'C (5.4 s) compared with that at 10"C (5.7 s) and 28"C (5.7 s) whereas duration and amplitude of biphasic reticular contractions during rumination were elevated at -10'C (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, orga4c matter, neutral detergent fibre and crude protein on average were 17% (range 9-16%) higher (P < 0'05) at 28 than at 10'C. The particulate passage-rate constant was higher at -10"C (P < 0.05) than at 10 and 28"C (0.046 vs. 0.038 and 0.034, respectively). The fluid passage-rate constant showed a quadratic response to temperature and was inversely related to digestibility. This study suggests prolong6e ir un regime thermique sur la production calorifique et sur la digestion. La production calorifique 6tait au plus bas d 28"C et augmentait significativement (P < 005) ir mesure que les temperatures descendaient jusqu'd -10"C. La dur6e de la contraction r6ticulaire biphas6e au repos 6tait significativement (P < 005) raccourcie d -10"C (5,4 s) par rapport )r 10 et d 28'C (5,7 s), mais durant la rumination elle 6tait significativement plus 6lev6e (P < 0,05) ir -10"C. La digestibilit6 apparente de la matidre sdche, de la matidre organique, des fibres au d6tergent neutre et des prot6ines brutes 6tait en moyenne ll% (6,cart 9{6) plus forle (P < 0,05) ir 28'C qu'h 10'C. La constante de transit des particules solides (par heure) 6tait plus haute d -10'C (P < 0,05) qu'd 10 et 28"C (0,046 contre 0038 et 0,034 respectivement). La constante de transit des liquides montrait une r6ponse quadratique ir la temp6rature et 6tait inversement reli6e ir la digestibilit6. L6tude porte d penser que les temp6ratures d'ambiance influent non seulement sur la cin6tique des matibres solides et des liquides mais 6galement sur la forme et sur la p6riodicit6 des contractions r6ticulaires. En outre, les modihcations thermo-induites de la dur6e et de l'amplitude des contractions r6ticulaires durant la rumination, par rapport d la phase, de repos 6taient associ6es ir des modifications des constantes du taux de transit des matibres solides.

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“…The effective ambient temperature the Blaxter and wainman (1961) (Christopherson 1976). consumption, apparent feed digestibility and…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, rumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers

Miaron¹,

Christopherson²

1992

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…La menor productividad durante el invierno está asociada a mayor demanda de energía para mantención y a menor digestibilidad del alimento. Lo anterior se demuestra en los estudios realizados tanto en ovinos como bovinos en condiciones invernales, con una reducción en la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca de cerca de 0,2 unidades por cada grado Celsius (Young y Christopherson 1974, Christopherson 1976). Un resumen de los principales efectos del frío y del calor fue presentado por Khalifa (2003), quien concluyó que si bien la temperatura ambiental es importante, por sí sola no es una adecuada expresión de la respuesta animal al estrés.…”

Section: Factores Climaticos De Mayor Relevanciaunclassified

Factores climáticos que afectan el desempeño productivo del ganado bovino de carne y leche

2008

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SUMMARYThe effect of climate on dairy and beef cattle is variable and complex because it affects the environment in which the animals are raised and reproduced. Its influence on animal welfare and production have been recognized and studied since 1950's. Climate affects livestock directly and indirectly, since it modifies the quality and/or quantity of food available, the requirements of water and energy, and the amount of energy consumed and the use of it. The animals cope with these adverse conditions of climate by altering physiological and behavioral mechanisms in order to maintain their body temperature within a normal range. As a result it is possible to observe changes in the food intake, behavior and productivity. These changes are magnified under extreme conditions of heat or cold, implying drastic reductions in the indices of production, such as average daily gain and daily milk production. Most of the research conducted in this area has been done mainly in controlled environmental chambers, with emphasis on the animal response and its productivity. Currently, the major scientific focus is on the development of thermal stress indices as practical tools for cattle handling under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objectives of this review are to describe and discuss the most important climatic factors affecting cattle performance as well as the major mitigation alternatives. It also presents a brief overview of the research carried out in Chile and possible lines of research in this field.Palabras clave: estrés, ganado de leche y carne, bienestar animal, factores climáticos. INTRODUCCIONAlgunos de los principales resultados de la actividad antropogénica han sido el incremento de los niveles atmosféricos de CO 2 , las alteraciones de las propiedades biológicas y químicas del suelo, así como el continuo uso y cambio de uso de la tierra (Vitousek 1994). En su conjunto estos hechos han provocado cambios climáticos a través del planeta aumentando las temperaturas mínimas y máximas para el período 1951 -1990 (Karl y col 1993. Esta asimetría entre mínimas y máximas ha sido detectada a través de todas las estaciones del año en el planeta, particularmente en las regiones del hemisferio norte. Asimismo, diversos modelos climáticos pronostican cambios en el clima del mundo, con un aumento en la concentración de CO 2 atmosférico, incrementos de temperaturas y cambios en la distribución de las precipitaciones (Klohn y Faurès 2006). Las estimaciones de incremento en la temperatura superficial media global son de un rango de 1,5 a 4,5 °C (Khalifa 2003). Todo esto tendría profundos efectos en la producción agropecuaria y de alimentos tanto para los animales como para el ser humano. Schimmelpfennig y col (1996) reportaron la existencia de numerosos informes que indican potenciales daños a los animales en función de los cambios de clima proyectados. El efecto del clima en la producción animal ha sido estudiado desde hace aproximadamente medio siglo, lográndose importantes avances en el entendimiento de los aspec...

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“…Cold ambient temperatures can cause reductions in grazed forage intake (Adams and Short, 1988) and diet digestibility (Christopherson, 1976, Kartchner, 1981. Likewise, cold stress has been demonstrated to have a larger effect on grazing time of young cows than of old cows (Adams et al, 1986).…”

Section: Experiments 1 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation to meet metabolizable protein requirements of primiparous beef heifers: I. Performance, forage intake, and nutrient balance1

Patterson

Klopfenstein

Adams

et al. 2003

Journal of Animal Science

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Effects of Prolonged Cold and the Outdoor Winter Environment on Apparent Digestibility in Sheep and Cattle

Cited by 49 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, rumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers

Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, reticular motility, rumen-fluid and -particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers

Factores climáticos que afectan el desempeño productivo del ganado bovino de carne y leche

Supplementation to meet metabolizable protein requirements of primiparous beef heifers: I. Performance, forage intake, and nutrient balance1

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