Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes

McGowan, Catherine; Golland, Lorraine C.; Evans, David L.; Hodgson, David; Rose, R. J.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05429.x

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Alterations in the values of serum lactate may indicate fatigue as a consequence of an increased anaerobic muscle catabolism during exercise (McGowan et al, 2002). In the present experiment, animals training on treadmill or mounting exercise did not have increments in lactate, but after jump competition, the serum concentration was 5 fold the mean of the other groups (P< 0.05), indicating the intensity of the exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The use of ergometric treadmill in horses took along several advantages not only in diagnosis aspects, but also as an important support during training activities (McGowan et al, 2002;Prince et al, 2002). Ergonometric treadmill allows a better study of the impact promoted by a determined exercise pattern, as it can be measured speed, constancy and duration of the exercise (Seeherman, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hemato-Biochemical Response to Exercise With Ergometric Treadmill, Mount Training and Competition in Jumping Horses

Santos

González

Castro

et al. 2015

AVS

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RESUMO:Este estudo objetivou avaliar as variações hematológicas e bioquímicas que ocorrem em diferentes protocolos de exercícios em equinos de salto. Foram utilizados 17 equinos da raça de salto Brasileiro de Hipismo, entre 5 e 12 anos. Todos os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes protocolos de exercício: repouso (controle); esteira ergométrica (40 min a 5 m/s); treinamento montado (40 min, sendo 10 min ao passo, 20 min ao trote, 10 min ao galope); e competição (prova de salto a 350 m/min, obstáculos com 1,20 m de altura e percurso de 430 m). Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e verificação da frequência cardíaca com os animais em repouso (controle) e imediatamente após o término dos protocolos de exercício. As avaliações sanguíneas abrangeram contagem de eritrócitos e leucócitos totais, hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina, proteínas plasmáticas totais, creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato transaminase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA), lactato, glicose, bicarbonato, ureia, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Em relação ao grupo controle, o exercício em esteira ergométrica apresentou variações significativas apenas em hematócrito, frequência cardíaca, potássio e creatinina. O treinamento montado e a competição apresentaram aumentos nas concentrações de proteína, CK, LDH, FA e potássio com relação aos demais protocolos de exercício. Hemoglobina e lactato aumentaram apenas no grupo de competição. A concentração de glicose reduziu em todos os grupos experimentais quando comparada ao grupo em repouso. A frequência cardíaca, a creatinina, número de eritrócitos, hematócrito e FA apresentaram aumento progressivo conforme a intensidade de exercício. Não houve alterações nos valores de AST, ureia e sódio. Conclui-se que os diferentes protocolos de exercício em equinos de salto promoveram diferentes respostas nos parâmetros hematobioquímicos. Palavras-chave: enzimas clínicas; fisiologia do exercício ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations promoted by different kinds of exercise on hematological and biochemical parameters of jumping horses. Seventeen Brazilian Jumping horses (Brasileiro de Hipismo breed) from 5 to 12 years old were used. All animals were submitted to the following exercise protocols: rest (control group), ergometric treadmill (40 minutes at a speed of 5 m/s), mount training (40 minutes consisting of 10 minutes walking, 20 minutes trotting and 10 minutes running on field conditions) and jumping competition (speed of 350 m/min, height of obstacles 1.20 m and 430 m length). Venous blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein and heart rate were verified at rest (control) and immediately after the exercise. The erythrocyte and leucocytes count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, total plasma protein (TPP), urea, creatinine were determined. The treadmill group showed higher values of PCV, heart rate and creatin...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemato-Biochemical Response to Exercise With Ergometric Treadmill, Mount Training and Competition in Jumping Horses

Santos

González

Castro

et al. 2015

AVS

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“…Following 32 weeks of intense interval training (100% VO 2max ) the rate of muscle glycogen utilisation per second was lower (1.32 mmol/s in week 1 to 0.58 mmol/s in week 32), despite a much longer run time (148%) when horses were exercised to fatigue at the same speed. This implies that the same exercise intensity was supported by a higher proportion of energy available from aerobic energy sources, facilitating glycogen sparing as well as improved performance following training (McGowan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Strength Speed and Acceleration Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Training affects primarily substrate availability and several studies have shown increased resting muscle glycogen concentration with both endurance and high intensity training following as little as 10 days training (Geor et al, 1999;McGowan et al, 2002;Serrano et al, 2000). Highly trained horses have resting muscle glycogen concentrations similar to glycogen loaded humans of over 620 mmol/kg muscle dry weight (from only 520 mmol/kg muscle dry weight in the untrained state) (McGowan et al, 2002). Following 32 weeks of intense interval training (100% VO 2max ) the rate of muscle glycogen utilisation per second was lower (1.32 mmol/s in week 1 to 0.58 mmol/s in week 32), despite a much longer run time (148%) when horses were exercised to fatigue at the same speed.…”

Section: Strength Speed and Acceleration Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscular and neuromotor control and learning in the athletic horse

McGowan

Hyytiäinen

2017

CEP

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Athletic performance or the kinematics of locomotion is ultimately the result of the actions of muscles. Muscular actions differ depending on the muscle group involved with anatomical and functional properties depending on the primary roles of the muscle; from stabilisation to powering locomotion. The functional (contractile and metabolic) properties of a muscle are determined by its fibre type or relative fibre type proportions in the muscle. The actions of muscle require the coordination of the nervous system with muscle contraction to produce movement or resist movement to avoid unwanted motion and tissue damage. The coordination of muscular action with the nervous system is termed neuromotor control and it requires precise proprioceptive input from the periphery, processing and input from the central nervous system (including learned or trained movements) and involves timing of muscle recruitment as well as muscle contraction. Training of muscles involves training for strength (or force generation) and stamina with measureable physiological changes with training including increased fibre size, alterations in fibre type, alterations in glycogen concentrations and lactate transport and alterations in mitochondrial and capillary density. As well as standard athletic training, skills training can make the difference in athletic performance and injury prevention in the equine athlete. This involves training of neuromotor control; training motor skills by motor relearning and conditional learning. Practical specific training techniques can be used in injury prevention, rehabilitation post injury and maintenance of the athlete. In this review we will focus on the thoracolumbar and hindlimb areas of the horse and review the importance of muscular control of locomotion, neuromotor control, the physiological effects of training and practical ways to maximise performance potential by specific physiotherapy skills training.

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“…As adaptações induzidas pelo treinamento resultam em maior produção de energia pela via aeróbia e maior capacidade de tamponamento muscular, as quais podem ser representadas pelo aumento do limiar aeróbio, pela produção de menores concentrações de lactato sob intensidades de esforço semelhantes, pela determinação de menores concentrações de lactato ao final de testes de esforço e, ainda, pela ampliação do tempo necessário para o surgimento de fadiga (COUROUCÉ; CHATARD; AUVINET, 1997;EATON et al, 1999;MUÑOZ et al, 1999;GERARD et al, 2002;McGOWAN et al, 2002;.…”

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<b>Avaliação do desempenho em equinos suplementado com coenzima Q10</b>

Sanchez¹

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Dedico essa conquista aos meus pais José e Neusa, a minha esposa Fabiana e a minha filha Ana Beatriz que são as razões da minha existência. AgradecimentoAgradeço a todos que colaboraram para que esse projeto tenha se tornado realidade.A Universidade de São Paulo, campus Pirassununga, por ter aberto as portas e possibilitado que eu pudesse adquirir conhecimentos e crescer enquanto pessoa e profissional.A todos os professores e funcionários do departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal -VNP que me acolheram e disponibilizaram todos os recursos técnicos e conhecimentos científicos para minha capacitação.Ao Prof. Dr. Alexandre Augusto de Oliveira Gobesso, orientador e grande responsável pelo resultado dessa conquista, uma vez que acreditou e confiou nas nossas possibilidades. Agradeço a amizade, os ensinamentos passados durante essa fase da minha vida.Ao grande amigo, irmão e companheiro de trabalho e estudo César Alexandre Pequeno da Silva, que não mediu esforços, nem de dia, nem de noite e nem de madrugada para me ajudar nessa caminhada.Aos pós graduandos, alunos de iniciação científica e estagiários do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Alimentação e Fisiologia do Exercício em Equinos -LabEqui, que eu pude ter a felicidade de conviver, meus sinceros agradecimentos por tudo que fizeram por mim, tenham certeza de que essa é uma conquista do coletivo, e sempre serei grato pela colaboração de todos, inclusive dos responsáveis por tudo isso ter acontecido...os cavalos! Sem eles, nada disso seria possível.Aos colegas Médicos Veterinários e clientes que muito me ajudaram nas necessidades e atendimentos emergências, pois com muita ética, dedicação e entendimento, me possibilitaram momentos de concentração nos estudos.Aos amigos e familiares, que compreenderam e muito me incentivaram nessa caminhada, agradeço toda energia, pensamentos positivos, e conselhos passados. Através das análises hematológicas, bioquímicas, da curva glicose e de lactato, pode-se observar a higidez e a adaptação dos animais frente ao protocolo de treinamento. O grupo suplementado apresentou efeito de tratamento para a enzima creatinaquinase, e apresentou menor oscilação da frequência cardíaca e da taxa de sudação. Conclui-se que a suplementação de equinos atletas com coenzima Q10 submetidos a exercício aeróbio influenciou no desempenho atlético dos cavalos.Palavras-chave: Cavalo. Exercício. Lactato. Sudorese. Ubiquinona. University), which belongs to Campus Pirassununga. Individual intake of food was considered 2% of body weight, of which 50% corresponded to grass hay and 50% to commercial pelleted concentrate. The horses in the supplemented group (GS) received a daily inclusion of 800 mg of coenzyme Q10, added to the concentrated food during the 80 days of the experiment. All animals were exercised five days per week, during sixty minutes, at a top speed of 15 km/h, in a electronically controlled circular mechanical walker. During the experiment, blood tests and biochemical analysis (AST, CK, and LDH) were conducted, as well as measurements of glucose and...

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Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes

Cited by 63 publications

References 24 publications

Hemato-Biochemical Response to Exercise With Ergometric Treadmill, Mount Training and Competition in Jumping Horses

Hemato-Biochemical Response to Exercise With Ergometric Treadmill, Mount Training and Competition in Jumping Horses

Muscular and neuromotor control and learning in the athletic horse

<b>Avaliação do desempenho em equinos suplementado com coenzima Q10</b>

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