Effects of Psychic Stress on Atherosclerosis in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

Cm, Lang

doi:10.3181/00379727-126-32360

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In one early investigation, 62 squirrel monkeys fed a cholesterol-containing diet and exposed to shock avoidance or small-cage restraint developed greater atherosclerosis of the intramyocardial arteries than control animals given the same diet and maintained under normal housing conditions. Unfortunately, squirrel monkeys (and New World species in general) do not mimic humans and the Old World monkeys in the anatomic distribution of their coronary artery lesions.…”

Section: Similarities To Human Chd and Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral antecedents of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Manuck

Kaplan²,

Matthews³

1986

Arteriosclerosis

157

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Over 50 epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental studies of behavioral influences on atherosclerosis and CHD have been reviewed; of these investigations, no more than five were published prior to 1975. Despite some inconsistencies and occasional conceptual and methodologic problems in the studies comprising this relatively young literature, the preponderance of available evidence indicates that psychosocial variables play a significant role in coronary disease. To summarize briefly, the Type A behavior pattern has been found predictive of new CHD in nearly all prospective studies of initially healthy individuals, and therapeutic modification of Type A has been shown to reduce risk of recurrent nonfatal MI. Among most prospective studies of post-MI patients and of persons at heightened risk for CHD due to elevations in traditional risk factors, however, Type A has not been found to predict, respectively, recurrence of MI or initial clinical events. Additionally, Type A individuals have shown more extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis on angiographic examination than Type Bs in a minority of studies, and, generally, only where Type A behavior has been measured by the SI. It is noted that many of these clinical studies may be faulted, though, for their use of small and heterogeneous patient samples and for possible biases in the selection and recruitment of subjects. In contrast to the globally defined Type A pattern, a high potential for hostility and an inability or unwillingness to express anger (anger-in) have emerged as significant predictors or correlates of coronary disease in all epidemiologic and clinical studies in which these variables have been examined. These consistent results suggest that a predisposition to hostility and anger, and the inhibited expression of such feelings, represent a "toxic" component of the Type A pattern. Several recent prospective investigations indicate also that high levels of life stress and possession of poor or inadequate social resources are predictive of CHD. The concepts of life stress, social network, and social support, as well as relationships among these variables, are not well-understood, however, and much additional work is needed to identify specific pathogenic and protective attributes of the social environment. In addition to studies of the psychosocial antecedents of CHD in human beings, there now are several published studies of behavioral influences on the development of coronary lesions in animal models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Section: Similarities To Human Chd and Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral antecedents of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Manuck

Kaplan²,

Matthews³

1986

Arteriosclerosis

157

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“…In studies of animal populations, for example, behavioral events likely to evoke significant sympathetic arousal-cage restraint, crowding, social perturbation, and shock avoidance-have been associated with exacerbation of arteriosclerotic disease (e.g., refs. [2][3][4][5]. Yet psychophysiologic investigations involving human subjects reveal that individuals differ markedly in the magnitude of their autonomic responses to stress (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviorally Induced Heart Rate Reactivity and Atherosclerosis in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Manuck

Kaplan

Clarkson

1983

Psychosomatic Medicine

260

115

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It has been suggested that individual differences in behaviorally induced cardiovascular reactivity may mediate associations between behavioral factors and atherosclerotic disease. The present study provides data relevant to this hypothesis within an animal model. Experimental animals were 26 adult, male cynomolgus monkeys that had been fed a moderately atherogenic diet for 22 months. In the weeks preceding termination of these animals, monkeys were fitted with electrocardiogram (EKG) telemetry devices and their heart rates (HRs) recorded under baseline and stressed conditions. Stress-period HR measures were obtained during a standard challenge involving threatened capture and physical handling of the animals. At necropsy, the coronary arteries were subjected to pressure fixation and sections taken from the left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries. Mean intimal area measurements, calculated for each artery, were then compared between animals identified as High (n = 8) and Low (n = 8) HR reactors during stress. Results indicated that High HR reactors had significantly greater coronary artery atherosclerosis than did Low HR reactive animals, both in individual arteries and on an overall coronary index. Atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta was found to differ similarly between High and Low HR reactors. Additional analyses revealed that High HR reactors were significantly more aggressive, more ponderous, and had greater heart weights than did Low HR reactors. Although groups did not differ in resting HRs, body weights, or lipid values, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol comprised a slightly smaller fraction of the total serum cholesterol of High, relative to Low, HR reactive monkeys. It is concluded that these findings provide initial support for the hypothesis that cardiovascular hyperresponsiveness under stress is related to the development of atherosclerosis.

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“…Experimental induction of cardiovascular pathology by behavioral factors, as observed in our investigations, has been reported by a number of other investigators, although using different animal models and experimental paradigms (Henry et al, 1971;Kaplan et al, 1985;Lang, 1967;Ratclife et al, 1969). Of equal importance to the demonstration that behavioral factors influence cardiovascular pathological events or disease, however, is an elucidation of the mechanism(s) mediating these effects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%