Effects of Psychological Deprivation in Infancy and Subsequent Stimulation

Goldfarb, William

doi:10.1176/ajp.102.1.18

Cited by 262 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Uniquely distinctive patterns of social behavior have long been observed in children exposed to institutionalized early care (Goldfarb 1945). They were first systematically studied in a landmark prospective study of UK orphanages (Tizard and Rees 1975), which identified a group of children showing characteristic 'indiscriminate sociability' with both familiar and unfamiliar adults along with disinhibition, attention seeking and excessive clinginess, while another subgroup presented with emotional withdrawal and unresponsiveness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

Kay

Green

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) remains one of the least evidence-based areas of DSM and ICD nosology. Recent evidence from severely deprived institutional samples has informed review of RAD criteria for DSM-V; however, this data is not necessarily generalizable to expectable child environments in the developed world. We provide the first systematic study of this important syndrome in maltreated non-institutionalized adolescents from a high-income country. 153 high-risk adolescents in English out-of-home Looked After Care (LAC: mean age 174 months, SD 23, 52 % male) and 42 low-risk (LR) community controls (mean age 168 months, SD 18, 38 % male) were assessed for RAD behaviors. Data on maltreatment and care history were collected from social work reports and concurrent psychopathology from caregiver report. Triangulated data sources informed independent researcher ratings of adaptive functioning. LAC adolescents showed high prevalence of RAD behaviors. Factor analysis showed four symptom groups; Disinhibited Indiscriminate, Attention Seeking, Superficial Relationships and Unpredictability. RAD was associated with multiple maltreatment experience, earlier entry to care and increased rates of psychopathology. Superficial Relationships and Attention Seeking factors showed strong independent association with particularly pervasive functional impairment. Disinhibited RAD behaviors are identifiable with high prevalence in non-institutionalized high-risk adolescents. They are strongly associated with psychopathology and functional impairment. Retention of this subtype in DSM-V is supported. Findings on the inhibited subtype in adolescence are less persuasive. RAD behavior is a relevant marker of developmental impairment, has significant clinical implications and is deserving of further study within non-institutionalized risk populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

Kay

Green

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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“…Of the studies on hospitalization discussed here, Spitz's work on the effects of hospitalization was the most influential if we go by the number of citations, but it also came under heavy criticism. Spitz (1945) paper alone has more citations than the other studies discussed here combined (Lowrey 1940;Bakwin 1942;Edelston 1943;Goldfarb 1943aGoldfarb , b, c, d, 1944Goldfarb , 1945aGoldfarb , b, 1947Goldfarb , 1949). …”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In nine publications on the care of (Jewish) children in foster homes in New York, psychologist William Goldfarb (1943a, b, c, d, 1944, 1945a, b, 1947 compared the prevalence of "aggressive behavior disorders" (Goldfarb 1943a, p. 250) in foster children with experience in institutions in the first 3 years of life to the behavior of foster children without such experiences. Goldfarb hypothesized that in the 'institution group' these behavior disorders were more likely to be found than in the 'foster home group'.…”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

Horst

Veer

2008

Integr. psych. behav.

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In this contribution, the authors give an overview of the different studies on the effect of separation and deprivation that drew the attention of many in the 1940s and 1950s. Both Harlow and Bowlby were exposed to and influenced by these different studies on the so called 'hospitalization' effect. The work of Bakwin, Goldfarb, Spitz, and others is discussed and attention is drawn to films that were used to support new ideas on the effects of maternal deprivation.Keywords Separation . Maternal deprivation . Hospitalization effect . History of psychology . Attachment theory . Harlow . BowlbyFrom the 1930s through the 1950s clinical and experimental psychology were dominated by ideas from Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Watson's behaviorism. Although very different in their approach to the study of (human) behavior, psychoanalysts and behaviorists held common views on the nature of the bond between mother and infant. According to scientists from both disciplines the basis for this relationship was a secondary drive, i.e. the fact that the child valued and loved the mother was because she reduced his or her primary drive for food.The central figure of this special issue, American animal psychologist Harry Harlow , in the 1950s shifted his focus from studies of learning in monkeys (e.g., Harlow and Bromer 1938;Harlow 1949) to a more developmental approach-or in Harlow's own words a transition "from learning to love" (cf. Harlow and Harlow 1986). Inspired by the work of René Spitz (1945 Wolf 1946, 1949) on hospitalization, Harlow started his groundbreaking experiments on the effects of separation and deprivation in infant rhesus monkeys (e.g., Harlow 1958;Harlow and Zimmermann 1959). With his cloth and wire mother Integr Psych Behav (2008) 42:325-335

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“…Maternal Care and Mental Health was published in 1951, and it summarized the observations of Spitz (1945Spitz ( , 1946, Goldfarb (1945), and many other clinicians about the harmful effects of institutionalization. It also contained the foundation of Bowlby's ideas about attachment that evolved into ethclogical attachment theory, described in his now famous Attachment and Loss trilogy, Attachment (Bowlby, 1969), Separation (Bowlby, 1973), and Lo« (Bowlby, 1980).…”

Section: Historical Perspective On Attachment Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond insecurity: A reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy.

Zeanah¹

1996

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

105

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Some young children are not merely insecurely attached and at risk for later problems; by virtue of the severity of their attachment disturbances they are already disordered. This article reviews and critiques the approaches of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases (10th ed.; ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) to attachment disorders and finds that they have not made use of findings from developmental research on attachment in developing their criteria. An alternative system of classifying attachment disorders that is compatible with the major findings from developmental research on infant-caregiver attachment is presented. Finally, many areas in need of empirical contributions are indicated. Ethological attachment theory, as outlined by John Bowlby (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980), has provided one of the most important frameworks for understanding crucial risk and protective factors in social and emotional development in the first 3 years of life. Bowlby's (1951) monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, reviewed the world literature on maternal deprivation and suggested that emotionally available caregiving was crucial for infant development and mental health. Developmental attachment research, which has formally evaluated Bowlby's major premises, has demonstrated convincingly that insecure attachment in infancy is associated with subsequent psychosocial maladaptation in preschool and middle

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Effects of Psychological Deprivation in Infancy and Subsequent Stimulation

Cited by 262 publications

References 5 publications

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

Beyond insecurity: A reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy.

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