Effects of Raw and Cooked Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Phaseolus Vulgaris (Kidney Beans) on Renal Function in Albino Wistar Rats

Abstract

Objective: Phaseolus vulgaris, like other beans, is endowed with rich nutritional contents. This study evaluated the effects of raw and cooked aqueous and methanol extracts of P. vulgaris on renal function in albino Wistar rats.
 Methods: Oral acute toxicity (LD50) study of both extracts was conducted in two phases. In the main design, a total 36 Wistar albino rats were used and divided into nine groups of four rats and oral administration lasted for 7 days. Group 1 served as control and 2 – 9 treated groups. Groups 2 and 3; 4 and 5 were administered aqueous extracts while groups 6 and 7; 8 and 9 were administered methanol extracts of 350mg/kg and 550mg/kg body weight raw and cooked P. vulgaris respectively.
 Results: Results of LD50 of all extracts were greater than 5000mg/kg. Results showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in concentrations of urea and chloride across test groups administered aqueous extracts, than methanol extracts; a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum creatinine in test groups administered methanol extracts; a significant (P<0.05) increase of serum total protein of test groups compared to control; no significant (P<0.05) difference in the concentration of potassium in test groups administered compared to control group.
 Conclusion: It may be concluded that P. vulgaris portrays potentials capable of improving renal function and its consumption may contribute to the wellness of a person due to its rich nutrients, and based on the duration of this work and standard scale of toxicity; the extracts are practically non- toxic since the LD50 was greater than 5000mg/kg. 
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 7 June 2020; Revised 25 June; Accepted 3 July, Available online 15 July 2020 
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 Received file 
 
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Name: Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf
 Affiliation: Sana'a university, Yemen
 E-mail: alialkaf21@gmail.com
 
 Name: Ahmad Najib
 Affiliation: Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia
 E-mail: ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
 
 Comments of reviewer(s): 
 
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Raw and cooked aqueous and methanol extracts of Vigna unguiculata (black-eyed bean) enhances renal function in experimental Wister rats

“…Results of LD 50 for both extracts (RBEB and CBEB) revealed that V. Unguiculata may be consumed without adverse side effects and, thus, extracts are practically non-toxic (Hodge and Sterner, 2005). This is consistent with the findings of Idoko et al (2020), who reported that at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg, raw and cooked aqueous and methanol extracts of P. Vulgaris were administered in rats featured no restlessness, convulsion, coma or death.…”

“…Renal cells use a special protein transport mechanism to pump potassium and sodium across cell membranes, regulating and equilibrating fluids between the internal and external environment. Results from this study (Tables 2 and 3) show serum potassium of rats fed both raw and cooked, methanol and aqueous extracts of V. Unguiculata to be within a normal range (3.5–5.0 mEq/L), suggesting that V. Unguiculata could serve an ideal food source for potassium supplement in a meal (Idoko et al , 2020; Chathuni et al , 2018). The normal cellular concentration of potassium is crucial for adequate cellular performance.…”

“…Catabolism of protein results in the generation of urea as a waste nitrogenous product (Chris, 2016). Thus, the increased concentration of serum urea in rats fed V. Unguiculata extracts could be due to its rich protein nutrient imparted by V. Unguiculata (Idoko et al , 2020; Chris, 2016). Metabolism of dietary protein is largely responsible for the quantity of serum urea concentration, such that a reduced and increased protein diet is connected with low and high urea synthesis (Watford, 2003).…”

“…Potassium is an essential mineral nutrient that abounds in beans and other food sources and the body cannot synthesize it (Idoko et al , 2020). Essentially, potassium majorly functions in the maintenance and balance of electrolytes and body fluids.…”

Effects of Heating on Phytonutrients in Cooked Aqueous Extract of Vigna Unigulculata (Black Eyed Bean)

“…However, the higher protein content in cooked bean sample could be due to complete destruction and elimination of antinutrients which would have interfered with protein 6 and also support the claim that V. unguiculata and other legumes are proteinous and thus, the reason low income earners depend on it for protein source 2 . In this sense, P. Vulgaris (raw and cooked), was reported to possess potential of improved kidney function in albino wistar rats, attributed to its healthy nutrients contents, especially protein 25, 40 .…”