Effects of Red and Far Red Light on the Initiation of Cold Acclimation in <i>Cornus stolonifera</i> Michx.

McKenzie, James; Weiser, C. J.; Burke, Michael J.

doi:10.1104/pp.53.6.783

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In Arabidopsis, five different phytochrome genes have been found, named phytochrome A (phyA) to phyE (Quail, 1991). The involvement of phytochrome in photoperiodic induction of cold acclimation in trees has been known for a long time (Williams et al, 1972;McKenzie et al, 1974). More recent molecular studies have strengthened and underlined the central role of phyA in daylength sensing of woody plants.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Independent Activation of Cold Acclimation by Low Temperature and Short Photoperiod in Hybrid Aspen

et al. 2002

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Temperate zone woody plants cold acclimate in response to both short daylength (SD) and low temperature (LT). We were able to show that these two environmental cues induce cold acclimation independently by comparing the wild type (WT) and the transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula ϫ Populus tremuloides Michx.) line 22 overexpressing the oat (Avena sativa) PHYTOCHROME A gene. Line 22 was not able to detect the SD and, consequently, did not stop growing in SD conditions. This resulted in an impaired freezing tolerance development under SD. In contrast, exposure to LT resulted in cold acclimation of line 22 to a degree comparable with the WT. In contrast to the WT, line 22 could not dehydrate the overwintering tissues or induce the production of dehydrins (DHN) under SD conditions. Furthermore, abscisic acid (ABA) content of the buds of line 22 were the same under SD and long daylength, whereas prolonged SD exposure decreased the ABA level in the WT. LT exposure resulted in a rapid accumulation of DHN in both the WT and line 22. Similarly, ABA content increased transiently in both the WT and line 22. Our results indicate that phytochrome A is involved in photoperiodic regulation of ABA and DHN levels, but at LT they are regulated by a different mechanism. Although SD and LT induce cold acclimation independently, ABA and DHN may play important roles in both modes of acclimation.Cold acclimation capacity is much higher in temperate zone woody plants compared with herbaceous species. Herbaceous plants survive normally under an insulating snow cover and a moderate low temperature (LT) tolerance is sufficient for survival. However, trees have to be able to face extremes of temperature and light conditions, and because of their long generation time and age, a high capacity for cold acclimation is paramount for their survival. The extreme freezing tolerance of woody plants is achieved by sequential stages of cold acclimation of which the first is initiated by short daylength (SD) and second and third by LT and freezing temperatures, respectively (Weiser, 1970). Although recent breakthroughs have increased our knowledge of the molecular basis of frost hardiness in herbaceous species, which acclimate primarily in response to LT (Thomashow, 1999), very little is known about cold acclimation of woody plants.Phytochromes are the photoreceptors responsible for photoperiod detection in plants. Photosignal per-

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“…It has been shown that phytochrome mediates this dehydration, which might be connected to the observed increase in freezing tolerance during SD (McKenzie et al, 1974). We wanted to study whether tissue dehydration is connected only to SD-induced acclimation or is it also induced by LT.…”

Section: Phya Overexpression and Lt Prevent Dehydration Of The Overwimentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent Activation of Cold Acclimation by Low Temperature and Short Photoperiod in Hybrid Aspen

et al. 2002

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“…The Pr form, which is inactive, is converted to the active Pfr form by exposure to R-light, and is converted back to the inactive Pr form by exposure to FR-light or through dark reversion (11). The increase in freezing tolerance that occurs in response to short-day in red-osier dogwood and other perennial woody tree species is prevented if the plants are exposed to R light during the nighttime, but not if the R-light exposure is followed by brief exposure to FR light (9,10). These results are classic indicators of a phytochrome-mediated response (12) and suggest that an active Pfr phytochrome represses freezing tolerance.…”

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“…As the season continues to progress and the temperatures become cold, the plants sense the low temperature and increase an additional 20°C or more in freezing tolerance (7,8). The molecular basis for photoperiodic regulation of freezing tolerance is not well understood, but appears to involve the action of phytochromes (9,10). Phytochromes are light-absorbing photoreceptors that exist in two fundamental forms: the red (R)-lightabsorbing form, designated Pr, and the far-red (FR)-lightadsorbing form, designated Pfr.…”

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Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Lee

Thomashow

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

305

246

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The CBF (C-repeat binding factor) pathway has a major role in plant cold acclimation, the process whereby certain plants increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperatures. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the pathway is characterized by rapid cold induction of CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3, which encode transcriptional activators, followed by induction of CBF-targeted genes that impart freezing tolerance. At warm temperatures, CBF transcript levels are low, but oscillate due to circadian regulation with peak expression occurring at 8 h after dawn (zeitgeber time 8; ZT8). Here, we establish that the CBF pathway is also regulated by photoperiod at warm temperatures. At ZT8, CBF transcript levels in short-day (SD; 8-h photoperiod) plants were three-to fivefold higher than in long-day plants (LD; 16-h photoperiod). Moreover, the freezing tolerance of SD plants was greater than that of LD plants. Genetic analysis indicated that phytochrome B (PHYB) and two phytochrome-interacting factors, PIF4 and PIF7, act to down-regulate the CBF pathway and freezing tolerance under LD conditions. Down-regulation of the CBF pathway in LD plants correlated with higher PIF4 and PIF7 transcript levels and greater stability of the PIF4 and PIF7 proteins under LD conditions. Our results indicate that during the warm LD growing season, the CBF pathway is actively repressed by PHYB, PIF4, and PIF7, thus mitigating allocation of energy and nutrient resources toward unneeded frost protection. This repression is relieved by shortening day length resulting in up-regulation of the CBF pathway and increased freezing tolerance in preparation for coming cold temperatures.

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“…The controlled environments used to acclimate plants and the stepwise acclimation of dogwood in response to short days and low temperature have been previously discussed in some detail (8,14). Plants were exposed to the following sequence of environmental regimes: (a) a SD (8 hr) warm temperature (20/15 C, day/night) treatment for 4 weeks to induce the initial phase of acclimation to -10 C; (b) a SD (8 hr) cool temperature (15/5 C) treatment for 2 weeks to promote further acclimation to -20 C; and (c) exposure to -5 C for 1 hr, on successive nights, to trigger the frost-induced stage of acclimation to hardiness levels below -65 C; (d) in addition, potted plants were collected from the field during the winter, packed in snow-filled plastic bags and stored at -12 C. These plants were hardly below -75 C. Field plants were also brought into the laboratory and dehardened by thawing overnight at 5 C, then exposed to 21 C for various periods of time before permeability and hardiness testing.…”

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Water Permeability and Cold Hardiness of Cortex Cells in Cornus stolonifera Michx.—A Preliminary Report

McKenzie

Weiser²,

Stadelmann³

et al. 1974

Plant Physiol.

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The relationship of freezing resistance to water permeability of cortex cells was studied in stems of red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonilera Michx.) In addition, Sakai (10) found that water permeability in mulberry cortical cells also increased with increasing hardiness from October to January, but that maximum permeability was retained until May even though considerable cold hardiness was lost during that period. This questions whether water permeability is directly related to hardiness, particularly during dehardening.Although the seasonal changes in cell permeability and hardiness are documented in a few species, the specific timing of permeability changes in relation to environmental stimuli which induce or reduce cold hardiness has not been well characterized. This is due in part to the lack of a simple quantitative procedure for studying water

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Effects of Red and Far Red Light on the Initiation of Cold Acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx.

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Independent Activation of Cold Acclimation by Low Temperature and Short Photoperiod in Hybrid Aspen

Independent Activation of Cold Acclimation by Low Temperature and Short Photoperiod in Hybrid Aspen

Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana

Water Permeability and Cold Hardiness of Cortex Cells in Cornus stolonifera Michx.—A Preliminary Report

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