Effects of replacing soybean meal with raw or extruded blends containing faba bean or lupin seeds on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows

Abstract

faba bean, but tended to be higher with lupin. Milk yield was increased by 2.6 kg with faba bean blend extruded at 140°C compared with faba bean blend extruded at 160°C. Milk fat and milk protein concentrations were decreased by 3.1 and 2.3 g/kg, respectively, with lupin blends compared with soybean meal. Nitrogen partitioning between milk, feces, and urine did not change. Nitrogen apparent digestibility decreased by 3 g/100 g of N between faba bean blend extruded at low and at high temperatures. The content of Maillard compounds in feces was higher with blends extruded at 160°C than with raw or extruded at 140°C blends within both experiments. Total plasma AA tended to be higher with extruded blends than with raw in the faba bean experiment. Both extrusion temperatures appeared to protect dietary proteins from ruminal degradability, but proteins seemed to be overprotected at 160°C.

Effects of pretreatment with reducing sugars or an enzymatic cocktail before extrusion of fava bean on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows

“…The experimental concentrate consisted of 90 to 10% blends (raw basis) of fava bean (Vicia faba) and linseed. Linseed was added to benefit from the effects of its high lipid content on the extrusion conditions of fava bean (Mendowski et al, 2019). The blends were distributed either raw (RW), or extruded at an expected output temperature of 140°C with different conditions of pretreatment.…”

“…The increase in temperature within the extruders occurred by self-heating as a result of the applied compression and shear forces, without any external thermal energy supply. Based on an analysis of the literature, in vitro and in situ experiments on the blends (Chapoutot et al, 2016(Chapoutot et al, , 2018 (Mendowski et al, 2019), the target temperature of 140°C was previously shown to decrease the ruminal effective degradability of N without impairing its intestinal digestibility.…”

“…Sampling took place every day at 0830 h and consisted of taking 0.5% of the total homogenized amount of feces and urine. Samples were immediately pooled per period and frozen at −20°C (Mendowski et al, 2019). The DM of feces was determined by oven drying at 103°C for 24 h. Thawed feces samples were either oven-dried for 72 h at 60°C, then ground through a 1-mm sieve for NDF, ADF, starch, and ash determination, or lyophilized and ground through a 1-mm sieve for N assays and determination of Maillard compounds.…”

“…Each ruminal liquid sample was filtered using a 250-μm nylon pore cloth and then the pH was measured with a pH meter (WTW PH 538, Inlab Expert 51343100 electrode, Mettler-Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). Then, samples were preserved as described in Mendowski et al (2019), stored at −20°C, and used to determine ammonia and VFA concentrations.…”

“…Fava bean contains on average 30% protein (DM basis), which is quite high, and 44% starch, but its proteins are very degradable in the rumen (close to 80%, INRA-CIRAD- AFZ Tables, 2017), which impairs the nutritive value of this feed for ruminants. It is known that heat processes, for example extrusion, can reduce the rumen degradability of fava bean proteins (Cros et al, 1991;Benchaar et al, 1992) and so improve their nutritive value, but information Effects of pretreatment with reducing sugars or an enzymatic cocktail before extrusion of fava bean on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows S. Mendowski, 1,2 P. Chapoutot, 3 G. Chesneau, 2 A. Ferlay, 1 F. Enjalbert, 4 G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, 1 A. Germain, 2 and P. Nozière 1 * on effects on milk yield and composition are still scarce (Mendowski et al, 2019). Moreover, too high temperatures in the heat process could lead to overprotection of proteins, thus reducing their intestinal digestibility and making them less available for the animals (Mendowski et al, 2019).…”