Effects of residual elements during the casting process of steel production: a critical review

The evaporation of antimony (Sb) in molten steel under reduced pressure is investigated with the gas phase pressure of 19-670 Pa, smelting temperature of 1823-1973 K and initial Sb content of 0.033-0.1 wt%. The findings indicate that Sb removal efficiency increases when smelting temperature rises or gas phase pressure decreases. However, the initial Sb content has little effect on the Sb removal. The Sb removal ratio can reach 94.1% within 40 min of treatment. The range of the apparent evaporation rate constant, k Sb , is 0.61 × 10 −5 to 29.13 × 10 −5 m s −1 . The evaporation of Sb is limited by the gas phase mass transfer at 1903 K and 19-670 Pa. Additionally, the apparent activation energy of Sb evaporation, E Sb , is 128 kJ mol −1 at 226 Pa and 1823-1973 K, and the rate of the interfacial reaction severely restricts the evaporation of Sb.

Section: Vapourization Reaction At the Gas-liquid Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation of the tramp element antimony from molten steel under reduced pressure treatment

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2023

“…Recycling steel scrap for steel production via the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) route or Blast Furnace -Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BF-BOS) route can significantly reduce CO 2 emissions [1][2][3]. However, the steel scrap often contains residual elements that cannot be removed by the steelmaking process because they are nobler than Fe, such as Cu, Ni and Sn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effect of residual elements on oxidation rates and oxide/metal interface characteristics in a low-carbon steel oxidized at 1180°C for 3 hours

Duan

Farrugia

Davis

et al. 2023

Self Cite

Residual elements (Cu, Ni and Sn) of various contents have been added to a low-carbon steel to simulate the scenario of increased use of scrap during steel production. The samples were oxidized in air to represent reheating before hot rolling, using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were employed to investigate the microstructure and the enrichments at the oxide/metal interface. Results showed the residual elements had an impact on the roughness of the scale/metal interface, internal Fe oxides formation, the amount of Ni&Cu enriched Fe phase and Cu&Sn enriched liquid phase at the interface, and the depth and spacing of the liquid phase penetrations along the grain boundaries. Thermodynamic simulation predicted the effect of residual elements on liquid phases formation at the interface, with good agreement between prediction and experimental results. The influence of residual elements on the oxidation rate was discussed.

“…However, the content of specific residual elements is a major limiting factor in steel scrap recycling [7,8]. Residual elements such as tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As), which are harmful to steel manufacturing processes and final product properties [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Sn had an obvious effect on low-temperature impact properties of 1.5Mn-Mo cast steel, resulting in a marked rise of the fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) when the Sn content was increased from 0.05-0.10% [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of intercritical heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low alloy structural steels with residual element tin

Sun

Wang

Shen

et al. 2022

The intercritical heat treatment process is considered a novel technology to solve the mismatch of strength and toughness of low alloy steel containing residual elements. In the present study, the effects of initial microstructure and intercritical quenching temperature on microstructural morphology, mechanical properties and fracture appearance of the experimental tin-bearing steel have been investigated. The results show that, under the same intercritical quenching and tempering (IQ-T) heat treatment parameters, the initial microstructures of bainite and ferrite (B-F) and complete martensite (M) yield different ferrite morphologies, block and strip-like ferrite, respectively. It is found that after IQ-T process, the tensile strength of the steel containing 0.09% tin with B-F as initial microstructure is 1061 MPa, but the impact energy value is only 26 J; while the steel with M has achieved the combined properties of high strength and excellent toughness, and the optimal intercritical quenching temperature is 770°C.