Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on skeletal muscle strength, mass, physical function, and hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy active older men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Griffen, Corbin; Duncan, Michael; Hattersley, John; Weickert, Martin O.; Dallaway, Alexander David Francis; Renshaw, Derek

doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111651

Cited by 29 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…However, muscle strength was only enhanced in exercise groups, implying that RE promoted an increase in muscle quality. This result corresponds with a recent RCT [ 44 ] which suggested that the effects of whey protein or peptide supplementation on muscle strength need further investigation. Thus, the importance of adequate protein intake in reducing abnormal morphological changes and metabolic dysfunction in sarcopenic obesity can be inferred.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Lim

2022

Nutrients

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The incidence of sarcopenic obesity gradually increased in parallel with the aged population. This research examined the effects of whey peptide (WP) supplementation with/without resistant exercise (RE) on sarcopenic obesity. Male 8-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (10 kcal% fat) or a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 8 weeks. High-fat diet-fed mice were randomly divided into four groups: obesity control group (OB), RE (RE only), WP (WP only), and WPE (RE and WP). WP supplementation (1500 mg/day/kg B.W.) gavage and RE (ladder climbing, five times weekly, 8–10 repetitions, 10–20% B.W. load) were conducted for an additional 8 weeks. Protein and mRNA levels of markers related to energy, protein, and lipid metabolism were analyzed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). WP supplementation regardless of RE significantly suppressed the increasing fat mass (p = 0.016) and decreasing lean mass (p = 0.014) and alleviated abnormal morphological changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (p < 0.001). In adipose tissue, WP supplementation regardless of RE ameliorated dysregulated energy metabolism and contributed to the reduction in adipocyte differentiation (PPAR-γ (p = 0.017), C/EBPα (p = 0.034)). In skeletal muscle, WP supplementation regardless of RE alleviated energy metabolism dysregulation and resulted in down-regulated protein degradation (Atrogin-1 (p = 0.003), MuRF1 (p = 0.006)) and apoptosis (Bax) (p = 0.004). Taken together, the current study elucidated that WP supplementation regardless of RE has potential anti-obesity and anti-sarcopenic effects in sarcopenic obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Lim

2022

Nutrients

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“…This outcome is in agreement with others that established a lower net protein balance in older men following habituation to a high protein diet (Højfeldt et al, 2020) and a reduced nitrogen balance following termination of a high protein diet until nitrogen output matched the new level of intake (Waterlow, 1999). Previously in this cohort, as formerly mentioned, we observed an increase in awakening salivary cortisol in addition to increased fasting plasma myostatin concentration following termination of the high protein diet used in this study (Griffen et al, 2022). Together with the increase in overnight protein oxidation observed, this indicates a decrease in protein breakdown whilst fasting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, as previously detailed in the methods, we opted for this methodology to determine the effects on FFM and subsequent effects on energetics in the absence of acute protein-induced effects on EE. Nevertheless, the present study still observed increases in overnight protein oxidation and we have previously reported a 73% increase in awakening cortisol concentration following the high protein diet in this cohort (Griffen et al, 2022), suggesting an increase in gluconeogenesis. These increases did not translate into increased EE however as per previous studies (Drummen et al, 2018;Veldhorst et al, 2009), largely due to the increase in protein oxidation being spared for reduced fat oxidation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…The present study is a pooled analysis of a 12‐week randomized, controlled, double‐blind, 4‐arm (control, a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation, RE + control, RE + a high protein diet) parallel group trial which took place between October 2017 and May 2019 (Griffen et al, 2022). In the present study, RE ( n = 17) and non‐exercise ( n = 16) groups were pooled and compared to one another, as were high protein (PRO; n = 17) and control (CON; n = 16) groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirty-three healthy, community-dwelling older men [(mean ± SE) age: 67 ± 1 years] participated in this study. Full details of the eligibility criteria have been previously described (Griffen et al, 2022). Briefly, participants were eligible if they: were (i) aged 60-80 years; (ii) a nonsmoker; (iii) weight stable (± <3 kg change in the previous 6 months); had (iv) a BMI between 18.5 and 30 kg/ m 2 ; (v) not participated in RE in the previous 6 months; (vi) no past or existing history of cancer, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular, thyroid, or renal disease; and (vii) were not taking statins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or medication that affects metabolism.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in 24‐h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and body composition following resistance exercise and a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation in healthy older men

Griffen

Renshaw

Duncan

et al. 2022

Physiological Reports

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Purpose To investigate changes in 24‐h energy expenditure (EE), substrate oxidation, and body composition following resistance exercise (RE) and a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation (alone and combined) in healthy older men. Methods In a pooled groups analysis, 33 healthy older men [(mean ± SE) age: 67 ± 1 years; BMI: 25.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2] were randomized to either RE (2×/week; n = 17) or non‐exercise (n = 16) and either a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation (PRO, 2 × 25 g whey protein isolate/d; n = 17) or control (CON, 2 × 23.75 g maltodextrin/d; n = 16). An exploratory sub‐analysis was also conducted between RE+CON (n = 8) and RE+PRO (n = 9). At baseline and 12 weeks, participants resided in respiration chambers for measurement of 24‐h EE and substrate oxidation and wore an accelerometer for 7 days for estimation of free‐living EE. Results Resistance exercise resulted in greater increases in fat‐free mass (1.0 ± 0.3 kg), resting metabolic rate [(RMR) 36 ± 14 kcal/d], sedentary EE (60 ± 33 kcal/d), and sleeping metabolic rate [(SMR) 45 ± 7 kcal/d] compared to non‐exercise (p < 0.05); however, RE decreased activity energy expenditure in free‐living (−90 ± 25 kcal/d; p = 0.049) and non‐exercise activity inside the respiration chamber (−1.9 ± 1.1%; p = 0.049). PRO decreased fat mass [(FM) −0.5 ± 0.3 kg], increased overnight protein oxidation (30 ± 6 g/d), and decreased 24‐h protein balance (−20 ± 4 g/d) greater than CON (p < 0.05). RE+PRO decreased FM (−1.0 ± 0.5 kg) greater than RE+CON (p = 0.04). Conclusion Resistance exercise significantly increased RMR, SMR, and sedentary EE in healthy older men, but not total EE. PRO alone and combined with RE decreased FM and aided body weight maintenance. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03299972.

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Tolerance, adherence, and acceptability of a ketogenic 2.5:1 ratio, nutritionally complete, medium chain triglyceride‐containing liquid feed in children and adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy following a ketogenic diet

Griffen,

Schoeler,

Browne

et al. 2024

Epilepsia Open

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ObjectiveTo investigate incorporating a ready‐to‐use 2.5:1 ratio liquid feed into a ketogenic diet (KD) in children and adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy.MethodsFollowing a three‐day baseline, patients (n = 19; age: 19 years [SD 13], range: 8–46 years) followed a KD for 28 days (control period), then incorporated ≥200 mL/day of a ready‐to‐use liquid feed, made with a ratio of 2.5 g of fat to 1 g of protein plus carbohydrate and including medium chain triglycerides ([MCTs]; 25.6% of total fat/100 mL) for 28 days as part of their KD (intervention period). Outcome measures (control vs intervention period) included gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance, adherence to KD and intervention feed, dietary intake, blood ß‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, seizure outcomes, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), acceptability and safety.ResultsCompared to the control period, during the intervention period, the percentage of patients reporting no GI symptoms increased (+5% [SD 5], p = 0.02); adherence to the KD prescription was similar (p = 0.92) but higher in patients (n = 5) with poor adherence (<50%) to KD during the control period (+33% [SD 26], p = 0.049); total MCT intake increased (+12.1 g/day [SD 14.0], p = 0.002), driven by increases in octanoic (C8; +8.3 g/day [SD 6.4], p < 0.001) and decanoic acid (C10; +5.4 g/day [SD 5.4], p < 0.001); KD ratio decreased (p = 0.047), driven by a nonsignificant increase in protein intake (+11 g/day [SD 44], p = 0.29); seizure outcomes were similar (p ≥ 0.63) but improved in patients (n = 6) with the worst seizure outcomes during the control period (p = 0.04); and HRQoL outcomes were similar. The intervention feed was well adhered to (96% [SD 8]) and accepted (≥88% of patients confirmed).SignificanceThese findings provide an evidence‐base to support the effective management of children and adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy following a KD with the use of a ready‐to‐use, nutritionally complete, 2.5:1 ratio feed including MCTs.Plain language summaryThis study examined the use of a ready‐to‐use, nutritionally complete, 2.5:1 ratio (2.5 g of fat to 1 g of protein plus carbohydrate) liquid feed, including medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), into a ketogenic diet (KD) in children and adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy. The results show that the 2.5:1 ratio feed was well tolerated, adhered to, and accepted in these patients. Increases in MCT intake (particularly C8 and C10) and improvements in seizure outcomes (reduced seizure burden and intensity) and KD adherence also occurred with the 2.5:1 ratio feed in patients with the worst seizures and adherence, respectively.

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Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on skeletal muscle strength, mass, physical function, and hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy active older men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Cited by 29 publications

References 130 publications

Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Changes in 24‐h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and body composition following resistance exercise and a high protein diet via whey protein supplementation in healthy older men

Tolerance, adherence, and acceptability of a ketogenic 2.5:1 ratio, nutritionally complete, medium chain triglyceride‐containing liquid feed in children and adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy following a ketogenic diet

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