Effects of resistance training and estrogen replacement on adipose tissue inflammation in ovariectomized rats

Abstract

Estrogen deficiency is directly related to central obesity and low-grade inflammation. Hormonal replacement and exercise training are both able to decrease fat accumulation and inflammation in postmenopausal women. However, the efficiency of resistance training (RT) and estrogen replacement (ER) in minimizing adiposity and inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats has not yet been elucidated. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following 6 groups: sham-operated sedentary (Sham-Sed), OVX-Sed, Sham-RT, OVX-RT, OVX-Sed-ER, and OVX-RT-ER groups. ER was performed by implanting silastic capsules containing 17β-estradiol. For RT, the animals were required to climb a 1.1-m vertical ladder with conical flasks containing weights attached to their tails for 12 weeks. Histological analyses were used to evaluate morphological changes. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and protein concentrations were determined using Multiplex/Luminex assays. Ovariectomy increased the body mass (BM), adipocyte area, and inflammation in the VAT, the latter of which was indicated by reduced interleukin-10 (48%) and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration (∼3%). RT efficiently decreased BM, adipocyte area, and inflammation in the OVX groups. The combination of RT and ER decreased BM (19%) and the TNF-α concentration (18%) and increased the gene and protein expression levels of adiponectin (173% and 18%). These results indicate that RT and the combination of RT and ER are efficient strategies for reducing the BM and improving the inflammatory status of OVX rats.

Physical training improves visceral adipose tissue health by remodelling extracellular matrix in rats with estrogen absence: a gene expression analysis

“…; Rodrigues et al . ). However, HR is related to the increased incidence of some types of cancer (Zhang et al .…”

“…Currently, there is great interest in investigating strategies to prevent or attenuate the effects of accumulating adipose tissue and low-intensity chronic inflammation associated with obesity in the postmenopausal period (Arslan et al 2010;Gregor & Hotamisligil 2011). Hormone replacement (HR) has shown beneficial effects in terms of preventing oxidative stress and adipocyte inflammation (Stubbins et al 2012;Rodrigues et al 2017). However, HR is related to the increased incidence of some types of cancer (Zhang et al 2007), which limits its use.…”

Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis in Innervated and Denervated Adipose Tissue from Cafeteria Diet‐Fed Rats

“…According to all these algorithms, our results show that the three most stable genes were Hprt1, Tbp, and Rpl32 for IBAT and Tbp, B2m, and Hprt1 for RWAT, while the least stable genes were 18S, Actb, and Gapdh for both tissues. The Actb and Gapdh genes are widely used in the literature as normalizers for the evaluation of target gene expression in WAT and BAT (Aguirre et al, 2016;Antony et al, 2017;Calderon-Dominguez et al, 2016;Chang and Kim, 2017;Li et al, 2015;Rodrigues et al, 2017;Tsubai et al, 2016;Yan et al, 2017), however, a few authors argue about the stability of the reference genes. A systematic review showed that the vast majority of the studies use a single gene as a normalizer, with Actb and/or Gapdh being commonly selected to evaluate the gene expression in vertebrates (Chapman and Waldenstrom, 2015).…”

A Herbal Formula HT051, a Combination of Pueraria lobata and Rehmannia glutinosa, Prevents Postmenopausal Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats

“…Moreover, estrogen deprivation promotes immune cell infiltration and increased tissue inflammation because estrogen influences immune and inflammatory conditions [ 41 ]. Indeed, adipose tissue inflammation is elevated in OVX animals and postmenopausal women [ 42 – 44 ]. It is believed that the increase in proinflammatory cytokines contributes to the development of various chronic diseases, including osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, liver disease, and cancer [ 27 , 45 ].…”