Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1—Yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization

Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Some Physiological and Agronomical Traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Irrigated Condition

“…between 50 and 75 kg urea ha -1 INTRODUCTION Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major pulse crops throughout the world. It is cultivated on a large scale in arid and semi-arid environment, and has considerable importance as food, feed and fodder (Erman, et al, 2011). This annual legume is a significant contributor to agricultural sustainability through N 2 -fixation and as a rotation crop allowing the diversification of agricultural production systems.…”

“…ciceri association annually produce up to 176 kg N ha -1 depending on cultivar, bacterial strain and environmental factors (Ogutcu, et al, 2008). The inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium is known to increase nodulation, protein and chlorophyll content, nitrogen uptake, growth and yield parameters of legume crops (Sogut, 2006;Togay, et al, 2008;Erman, et al, 2011;Namvar, et al, 2011).…”

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, humic acid, and whey on wilt diseasecaused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. in three solanaceous crops

“…HA has been shown to facilitate plant growth by altering the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of soil and improving plant nutritional status, mainly by playing an important role in the uptake and transport of micronutrients (Wang, 1995;Adani et al, 1998). Özrenk et al (2003), Demir andOzrenk (2009), andErman et al (2011) found that a combined application of W+AMF significantly increased macro-and micronutrient contents of chickpeas and lentils grown in pots and in field conditions when compared to controls. Aslanpay and Demir (2012) reported that single and dual combinations of G. mosseae (AMF) and HA improved plant nutrient status in pepper.…”

“…Many studies have suggested that AMF species play a role in macro-and micronutrient uptake, especially in soil with significant P limitations, which facilitates the supply of P to plants by AMF (Smith and Read, 2008). W has attracted attention as a plant fertilizer both in Turkey and abroad and has been shown to improve crop development and plant nutritional status (Sienkiewicz and Riedel, 1990;Özrenk et al, 2003;Demir and Ozrenk, 2009;Erman et al, 2011;Ocak and Demir, 2012). HA has been shown to facilitate plant growth by altering the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of soil and improving plant nutritional status, mainly by playing an important role in the uptake and transport of micronutrients (Wang, 1995;Adani et al, 1998).…”

“…Recent studies have also suggested that organic materials that have been found to promote plant growth, such as humic acid (HA) and whey (W), could form part of an alternative agricultural practice (Cacco and Dell Agnolla, 1984;Wang et al, 1995;Valdrighi et al, 1996;Sonnleitner et al, 2003). Although their use is fairly uncommon, there is some evidence that these organic materials can have beneficial effects on soil microbial activity (Özrenk et al, 2003;Litterick et al, 2004;Türkmen at al., 2005;Loffredo et al, 2008;Demir and Ozrenk, 2009;Erman et al, 2011).…”