Effects of root extracts of three traditional Chinese herbs as dietary supplements on dry matter intake, average daily gain, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiota in early weaned yak calves

Jiang, Cuixia; Ding, Luming; Qian, Dong; Wang, Xianju; Wei, Haiyan; Hu, Changsheng; Ma, Chengfang; Qi, Yan; Zhou, Yuqing; Degen, A. Allan

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115002

“…volubilis), most of which are wild products, which have not been well developed and utilized at present. CP, which is similar to most of TCM, has complex ingredients [ 11 , 12 ]. In recent years, the chemical constituents of CP have been deeply studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect and Mechanism of New Processing Method of Codonopsis pilosula on Endocrine Physique Index in Rats

Gong

¹

,

Hu

²

2022

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Objective. To explore the effect and mechanism of a new processing method of Codonopsis pilosula (CP) on the endocrine physique index in rats. Methods. The rats were randomly assigned into the control group, model group, CP group (3.75 g/kg crude drug), rice-fried CP group (3.75 g/kg crude drug), and honey-roasted CP group (3.75 g/kg), with 10 rats in each group. All rats were gavaged according to the body weight of 1 mL/100 g every morning for 3 weeks. The water extracts of different processed products of CP were given to the drug group, the blank group, and the model group which were given the same volume of normal saline during the experiment. The model group and each administration group were fed every other day and drank freely for 21 days, during which the weight was weighed every 2 days. The changes of the organ index; the contents of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (Cor); and the activity of sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphate (Na+K+-ATP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP2) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results. Effect on the organ index: the organ index of the control group, CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that of the model group, and the organ index of the honey moxibustion group was the highest ( P < 0.05 ). The level of cAMP and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in the model group were significantly higher compared to those of the control group ( P < 0.05 ); CGMP in the model group decreased significantly ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the model group, the level of cAMP in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased significantly, while the ratio of cGMP and cAMP/cGMP increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the level of cAMP and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in the honey moxibustion group were lower compared to those in the other two groups, and the ratio of cGMP in the honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that in the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ). The contents of ACTH and Cor in the model group were significantly higher compared to those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the model group, the contents of ACTH and Cor in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group were significantly lower compared to those in the model group ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the contents of ACTH and Cor in the honey moxibustion group were higher compared to those in the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ). The content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the model group was significantly higher compared to that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the model group, the content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased significantly ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that in the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ). The expression of AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA in the kidney tissue of the kidney yin deficiency model group was significantly higher compared to that of the control group ( P < 0 05 ). Compared with the model group, the expression levels of AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA in the renal tissue of rats in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased in different degrees ( P < 0.05 ). There was no statistical difference between the CP group, rice stir-frying group, and honey moxibustion group. Conclusion. This study proves that the new processing method of CP can improve the endocrine physique index of rats, enhance their organ quality, and regulate the disorder of water metabolism in kidney yin deficiency syndrome and has a certain therapeutic effect on kidney yin deficiency syndrome. Different new processing methods of CP have different effects on promoting endocrine physique indexes of rats. It is concluded that honey-roasted CP has the best effect on promoting spleen deficiency, which may be through glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism, increasing ATP energy metabolism, so as to strengthen the symptoms of spleen deficiency in rats. The experimental data of this study indicate that the effect of honey-roasted CP is better compared to that of other processed products, which provides an experimental basis for the rational clinical application of the new processed products.

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“… Zhan et al (2017) reported that supplementation with flavonoid extracts from alfalfa increased the ruminal abundance of Firmicutes in dairy cows. Jiang et al (2021) observed that the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were relatively high in yak calves offered root extracts from Codonopsis pilosula that contained high concentrations of flavonoids. Consequently, the flavonoids of the AME could explain the decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in the rumen of lambs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Allium mongolicum Regel ethanol extract on three flavor-related rumen branched-chain fatty acids, rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria in lambs

Zhao

¹

,

Zhang

²

,

Erdene

³

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Allium mongolicum Regel ethanol extract (AME) on the concentration of three branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) related to flavor, fermentation parameters and the bacteria and their correlations in the rumen of lambs. A total of thirty 3-month-old male, Small-tailed Han sheep (33.60 ± 1.23 kg) were randomly distributed into 2 groups as follows: control group (CON) was fed a basal diet and AME group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2.8 g⋅lamb–1⋅d–1A. mongolicum Regel ethanol extract. AME supplementation decreased (P = 0.022) 4-methyloctanoic acid (MOA) content and tended to lower (P = 0.055) 4-methylnonanoic acid (MNA) content in the rumen. Compared to CON group, the ruminal concentrations of valerate and isovalerate were higher (P = 0.046 and P = 0.024, respectively), and propionate was lower (P = 0.020) in the AME group. At the phylum level, the AME group had a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.014) and a higher abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.020) than the CON group. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Prevotella (P = 0.001), Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (P = 0.003), Succiniclasticum (P = 0.004), and Selenomonas (P = 0.001) were significantly lower in the AME group than in the CON group, while the relative abundances of Ruminococcus (P < 0.001), Quinella (P = 0.013), and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group (P = 0.001) were significantly higher. The relative abundances of Prevotella (P = 0.029, R = 0.685; P = 0.009, R = 0.770), Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (P = 0.019, R = 0.721; P = 0.029, R = 0.685), and Succiniclasticum (P = 0.002, R = 0.842; P = 0.001, R = 0.879) was positively correlated with MOA and MNA levels, and the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group (P = 0.033, R = −0.673) was negatively correlated with MOA. The relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (P = 0.014, R = −0.744) and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 (P = 0.023, R = −0.706) correlated negatively with the EOA content. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the AME affected the concentration of BCFAs, fermentation parameters and the rumen bacteria in the rumen of lambs.

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“…The leaching solution for roots of the herbs has been described earlier [ 16 ]. The preparation of the herbal extracts from the dry root powder followed Jiang et al (2021) [ 15 ]. Thirteen batches of each herbal extract were prepared to span the needs of the entire study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polysaccharides were detected using the phenol-sulfuric acid method as described by Jiang et al (2021), and the content was determined colorimetrically at 485 nm (Molecular Devices, SpectraMax M5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), with glucose as a standard. Total saponins were extracted from C. pilosula and G. uralensis root extracts following Jiang et al (2021), and saponin content was determined colorimetrically at 560 nm, with ginsenoside as a standard for C. pilosula and at 589 nm, with mono-ammonium glycyrrhizinate as a standard for G. uralensis [ 15 ]. The main active ingredients of the three herbal root extracts were identified in lyophilized herbal extract by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC, Column: BEH0C18, 1.7 µm × 2.1 mm × 100 mm; Agilent Technologies 1290, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and mass spectrometry (MS, Type: Q Exactive Focus, Thermo Fisher Scientific Waltham, MA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a companion paper on early-weaned yak calves receiving A. sinensis , C. pilosula , and G. uralensis as feed additives, dry matter intake (DMI) in calves consuming the three herbs did not differ from control calves and ranged between 2.12 and 2.26 kg/d. Average daily gain increased in yak calves consuming C. pilosula root extract, while the ruminal molar proportions of propionate and isovalerate increased and rumen microbiota were altered in yak calves consuming the three herbal root extracts [ 15 ]. The current study is the first to examine the effects of the three herbal water extracts concomitantly on serum biochemical parameters, immunity indices, antioxidant capacity, and metabolomics in early-weaned yak calves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Chinese Herbs on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immunity Indices, Antioxidant Capacity and Metabolomics in Early Weaned Yak Calves

Jiang

¹

,

Qian

²

,

Xin

³

et al. 2022

Animals

Self Cite

3

0

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Chinese traditional herbs are used widely as feed supplements to improve the immune response and antioxidant capacity of livestock. Twenty early-weaned 4-month-old yak calves (72.3 ± 3.65 kg) were divided randomly into four groups (n = 5 per group); three groups were provided with supplementary 80 mL/kg DMI of the root water extracts of either Angelica sinensis, Codonopsis pilosula or Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and one group (control) was not provided with a supplement. Compared to control calves, calves consuming the three herbal extracts increased serum concentrations of albumin (ALB) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but decreased serum concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). Calves consuming A. sinensis decreased (p < 0.05) serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), and increased (p < 0.05) serum concentration of total proteins (TP). Serum FFA concentrations increased (p = 0.004) linearly with time in the control group, but not in the groups consuming herbs. Serum metabolomic data demonstrated that A. sinensis and C. pilosula regulate mainly amino acid metabolism, while G. uralensis regulates mainly carbon and amino acid metabolism. It was concluded that the three herbal root extracts, as dietary supplements, improved energy and nitrogen metabolism, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of yak calves.

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Effects of root extracts of three traditional Chinese herbs as dietary supplements on dry matter intake, average daily gain, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiota in early weaned yak calves

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

The Effect and Mechanism of New Processing Method of Codonopsis pilosula on Endocrine Physique Index in Rats

The Effect and Mechanism of New Processing Method of Codonopsis pilosula on Endocrine Physique Index in Rats

Effects of Allium mongolicum Regel ethanol extract on three flavor-related rumen branched-chain fatty acids, rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria in lambs

Effect of Chinese Herbs on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immunity Indices, Antioxidant Capacity and Metabolomics in Early Weaned Yak Calves

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