Effects of rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, rosmanol, carnosol, and ursolic acid on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases

Abstract

This review aimed to identify preclinical and clinical studies examining the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CaA), rosmanol (RO), carnosol (CA), and ursolic acid (UA) against allergic and immunologic disorders. Various online databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, Cochrane trials, and Scopus, were searched from inception until October 2022. Due to the suppression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, the main factor in allergic asthma, RA may be a promising candidate for the treatment of asthma. The other ingredients comprising CA and UA reduce the expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and improve airway inflammation. Rosemary's anti-cancer effect is mediated by several mechanisms, including DNA fragmentation, apoptosis induction, inhibition of astrocyte-upregulated gene-1 expression, and obstruction of cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. The compounds, essentially found in Rosemary essential oil, prevent smooth muscle contraction through its calcium antagonistic effects, inhibiting acetylcholine (ACH), histamine, and norepinephrine stimulation. Additionally, CA exhibits a substantially greater interaction with the nicotinic ACH receptor than a family of medications that relax the smooth muscles, making it a potent antispasmodic treatment. The components have

Uncovering Active Ingredients and Mechanisms of Pholiota adiposa in the Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A Study Based on Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics

“…Cordycepin inhibits death-induced signaling complex formation by speci cally binding to cysteine endopeptidase in mitochondria.This interaction occurs during apoptosis and impedes death signal complex assembly involving endopeptidases recruited in the death domain.By interfering with apoptosis activation, cordycepin delays neuronal cell death, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in AD. (2020) conducted a study demonstrating the potential of clovane diol in minimizing neuronal damage by effectively suppressing oxidative stress and in ammation.This suggests its promising role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.Additionally, studies have demonstrated that clovane diol improves the survival and growth of nerve cells and facilitates nerve regeneration (Farhadi F et al, 2023).…”

Rosemary: Unrevealing an old aromatic crop as a new source of promising functional food additive—A review

“…Initially, many scientists believed that the anti‐tumor effect of rosemary might be related to its potent antioxidant activity. However, the anti‐tumor properties of rosemary were evidenced to be related to many other molecular pathways except for the antioxidant effect in recent years (Farhadi et al., 2023). The recent excellent efforts disclosed that the rosemary extracts exerted anticancer effects through various mechanisms, such as inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, modifying specific metabolic pathways, and regulating immune and anti‐inflammatory responses (Allegra et al., 2020).…”

“…Jaglanian's studies have shown that rosemary extract can reduce the expression of androgen receptors and significantly reduce the phosphorylation/activation levels of Akt and mTOR (Jaglanian et al., 2020). As the main components of rosemary, ursolic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, betulinic acid, and other components are considered effective components with anti‐tumor activity (Farhadi et al., 2023). Ursolic acid alleviates cancer cachexia through the activation of SIRT1 and the consequent down‐regulation of the phosphorylation of nuclear factor‐ κ B (NF‐κB) and STAT3 (Tao et al., 2023).…”

“…Moreover, many natural products from rosemary are considered potential lead drugs for the treatments of cancer, hepatotoxicity, and inflammation (Goncalves et al., 2022; Kallimanis et al., 2022). The non‐volatile components of rosemary mainly contain bioactive compounds such as carnosic acid (CA), carnosol, and rosmarinic acid, which show nutritionally beneficial bioactivities including antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities (Farhadi et al., 2023; Ivanov et al., 2022). Attributed to its remarkable biological properties, rosemary extracts have been widely used in pesticides, cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, detergents, softeners, and deodorants in the industrial communities (Fiume et al., 2018; Trombin de Souza et al., 2021).…”

Rosmarinic acid alleviates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by downregulating tRNA N7-Methylguanosine modification-regulated fibroblast to myofibroblast transition through the exosomes pathway

“…Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic compound that is isolated from the rosemary plant, which belongs to the Labiatae family [4]. RA exerts obvious anti-in ammatory and anti-tissue brosis effects on diseases such as enteritis, osteoarthritis, atopic dermatitis, and mastitis [5]. Hsieh et al found that RA treatment reduced the levels of α-SMA, collagen I, and bronectin in NRK-52E kidney cells and decreased renal interstitial brosis by inhibiting phosphorylated-AKT mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and in vivo [6].…”