Effects of salinity and temperature on drag reduction characteristics of polymers in straight circular pipes

Kamel, Ahmed H.; Shah, Subhash

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2009.02.004

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…High levels of salt in recycled flowback can reduce the effectiveness of friction reducers, added to increase the pumping rate of the fracturing fluid and proppant (in slickwater fracturing) (Kamel and Shah, 2009). The generally accepted upper limit for TDS in fracturing fluid is in the range of 16,000-25,000 mg/L , but can reach as high as 80,000 mg/L in extreme cases (US EPA, 2011).…”

Section: Cocamidopropyl Dimethylaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment

Lester

Ferrer

Thurman

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

310

212

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Section: Cocamidopropyl Dimethylaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment

Lester

Ferrer

Thurman

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

310

212

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“…Bias errors arising from the determination of the diluate circuit volume (Appendix A.3) and of leakage rates from diluate to concentrate were propagated through the equations defining these nine parameters and combined with the random error [Eq. (12)] that was determined from the sample standard deviation of results computed from the three tests. Errors were computed at a 68% confidence level.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(D.7) and (D.6) and combined with the random error [Eq. (12)] that was determined from the sample standard deviation of results from the three tests run at the same conditions. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: D5 Salt and Water Transport Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opinions vary as to the level of total dissolved solids (TDS) that can be tolerated [10] and a complete understanding of issues of chemical compatibility remains elusive [2]. There is evidence that, with improved chemical formulations, high salinity produced waters may be reused without desalination, particularly in the formulation of fluids for slickwater processes [11][12][13][14][15][16] (processes with high volume flow rates to avoid premature settling of sand, which serves to maintain fractures propped open) and to some extent for cross-linked gel fracturing processes [17] (lower volume flow rate processes employing low molecular weight guar gum based gels to ensure proppant remains suspended). However, the increase in chemical costs associated with such formulations not evident.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the cost of electrodialysis for the desalination of high salinity feeds

et al. 2014

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We propose the use of electrodialysis to desalinate produced waters from shale formations in order to facilitate water reuse in subsequent hydraulic fracturing processes. We focus on establishing the energy and equipment size required for the desalination of feed waters containing total dissolved solids of up to 192,000 ppm, and we do this by experimentally replicating the performance of a 10-stage electrodialysis system. We find that energy requirements are similar to current vapour compression desalination processes for feedwaters ranging between roughly 40,000-90,000 TDS, but we project water costs to potentially be lower. We also find that the cost per unit salt removed is significantly lower when removed from a high salinity stream as opposed to a low salinity stream, pointing towards the potential of ED to operate as a partial desalination process for high salinity waters. We then develop a numerical model for the system, validate it against experimental results and use this model to minimise salt removal costs by optimising the stack voltage. We find that the higher the salinity of the water from which salt is removed the smaller should be the ratio of the electrical current to its limiting value. We conclude, on the basis of energy and equipment costs, that electrodialysis processes are potentially feasible for the desalination of high salinity waters but require further investigation of robustness to fouling under field conditions.

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“…Salt‐containing formation water or fracturing flow‐back water should be utilized effectively. Although some literatures have declared that flow‐back water is of low utilization value in some cases, DR in brine is also an aspect that cannot be ignored in order to make full use of flow‐back water and reduce cost of fresh water . Here, 20 L aqueous solution containing 600 g NaCl was adopted as simulate brine, DRA was added into the brine, and friction was measured as mentioned above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

Jing¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A water‐miscible nonionic surfmer (AC‐TX100) was synthesized based on Triton X‐100 and acryloyl chloride. Then, a terpolymer P(AM/AA/AC‐TX100) was synthesized by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution and intended to be used as drag reducing agent (DRA). The DRA was defined to be P(AM87.32/AA12.46/AC‐TX1000.22) according to 1H NMR and elemental analysis, the molecular weight was 2.12 × 106 g/mol according to scattering method. DRA shows excellent performance in drag reduction (DR). The highest DR rate of 76% can be obtained when DRA concentration is 0.023% in fresh water; while in brine containing 3% NaCl, DR rate decreases, and it is necessary to increase the concentration to 0.05% to ensure that DR rate is higher than 70%. SEM and cryo‐TEM show that DRA forms a network structure in aqueous solution, and the tightness of this structure has a direct influence on DR performance. Specifically, DRA molecules stretch into the whirlpools generated by water at high flow rates, reducing the quantity and intensity of whirlpools, thereby lowering the energy loss and the friction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48362.

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Effects of salinity and temperature on drag reduction characteristics of polymers in straight circular pipes

Cited by 58 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment

Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment

On the cost of electrodialysis for the desalination of high salinity feeds

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

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