Effects of Schisandra Polysaccharides on the Learning and Memory Ability in Brain Aging Mice

Abstract

This study focused on the improvement of Schisandra polysaccharide on the learning and memory in D-galactose-induced brain aging mice, to lay the foundation for the prevention and treatment of brain aging and related diseases. D-galactose was used to establish a mice brain aging model, Morris water maze and passive avoidance test were used to observe effects of Schisandra polysaccharide on the learning and memory ability of D- galactose-induced brain aging mice. The results showed that Schisandra polysaccharide could prolong the time of target qundrant, increase the number to cross the original platform in the Morris water maze test, and prolong the latency and reduce the number of errors of mice in the passive avoidance test. It is believed that Schisandra polysaccharide could improve the learning and memory ability of mice with brain aging.

Zataria multiflora and Pioglitazone Affect Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Inhaled Paraquat in Rats

“…Previous studies also showed reduction of SOD and CAT activity in animal models of PQ poisoning [ 26 , 27 ], the role of free radical generation in PQ-induced injuries [ 28 ], and decreased SOD and CAT activities in animal lung tissues due to PQ administration [ 29 ]. A positive correlation between enhanced levels of oxidants and inflammatory mediators with administered PQ doses [ 30 ], increased oxidant, and decreased antioxidant markers in the hippocampus due to PQ poisoning were shown [ 6 , 31 ], which support the findings of the present study.…”

“…Treatment of PQ-exposed animals with Z. multiflora extract and pioglitazone decreased serum levels of IL-17 and TNF- α but increased IL-10 and INF- γ . The immunomodulatory effects of Z. multiflora extract were comprehensively reviewed previously [ 31 ], and the effects of the plant on various cytokine levels in animal models of asthma and COPD [ 23 ], on gene expression of various cytokine in a mouse model of asthma [ 39 ], and on different cytokines in patients with lung disorders due to sulfur mustard exposure also [ 8 ] were shown supporting the results of the present study. Two doses of the extract were chosen according to our previous studies [ 12 , 20 , 21 , 36 ] which showed its minimum and maximum effects.…”

“…Increased serum levels of IL-17 and TNF- α and decreased levels of IL-10 and INF- γ were observed in PQ-exposed rats. Increased serum level of TNF- α in patients with acute PQ poisoning [ 37 ], increased IL-1 β and TNF- α nuclear factor kappa (NF- κ B) activity nuclear factor kappa (NF- κ B) activity, reduced IL-10 in the lung due to PQ administration in rats [ 35 ], increased inflammatory cytokines in PQ-poisoned individuals [ 37 ], decreased serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines [ 31 ], and enhanced gene expression for IL-4, TGF- β , IL-17, and TNF- α after PQ challenge were reported [ 38 ], supporting the results of this study.…”

Miracle fruit seed as a potential supplement for the treatment of learning and memory disorders in Alzheimer’s disease

“…At present, plant therapy for AD has attracted more and more attention because of its comprehensive effects and less side effects ( Mithu et al, 2014 ; Sun et al, 2014 ; Yan et al, 2017 ; Martínez-Coria et al, 2019 ; Singh et al, 2019 ; Baranowska-Wójcik et al, 2020 ; Hosseini et al, 2021 ; Nowak et al, 2021 ; Sohn et al, 2021 ; Anupama et al, 2022 ). The mystery fruit, which we used in this study, has also received more attention due to its good antioxidant properties, including lowering cholesterol ( Huang et al, 2020 ), antidiabetic effects ( Obafemi, et al, 2019 ), reducing serum uric acid levels ( Shi et al, 2016 ), and anti-oxidative damage ( Chen et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Also, because of the clinical trial failures and multiple sides of synthetic drugs, the development of phytotherapy has received close attention from the public and the scientific community ( Vegh, et al, 2019 ). Many foods and nutritional drugs are claimed to have memory-improving effects, including Ginkgo biloba ( Singh, et al, 2019 ; Nowak, et al, 2021 ), dihydromyricetin ( Martínez-Coria, et al, 2019 ), linalool ( Hosseini et al, 2021 ), fig leaves ( Sohn et al, 2021 ), Schisandra polysaccharides ( Sun et al, 2014 ), Nardostachys jatamansi ( Anupama et al, 2022 ), tea ( Baranowska-Wójcik, et al, 2020 ), Forsythia ( Yan et al, 2017 ), curcumin ( Mithu et al, 2014 ), and acidic polysaccharose ( Mithu et al, 2014 ).…”