Effects of Seasonality and Transport Route on Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in the East Asian Pacific Rim Region

Abstract

This study investigated seasonal variation and transport routes of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 associated metallic elements in the western coastal area of southern Taiwan. Particle sampling was conducted from March 2009 to February 2010. Sixteen metallic elements in PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 samples were determined by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Multiple approaches, backward trajectory analysis, enrichment factors (EF c ), and principle component analysis (PCA), were used to identify the potential sources of the metallic elements. Analysis of the temporal distribution revealed seasonal peaks for most of the trace elements in PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 during winter season and the major elements in PM 2.5-10 during the autumn season. The EF c confirmed that the main contributors of Cu, As, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Se were anthropogenic sources. PCA suggested traffic emissions, coal, and heavy oil combustion from both local and neighboring areas, as the major anthropogenic contributors at the sampling site. Backward trajectory analysis, demonstrated different chemical characteristics between the northeast (winter originating in China) and southwest monsoon (summer, from the Southeast Asia). Even in the same season, route-dependent effects of long-range transport in metallic concentrations and total excess cancer risk (ECR) of health-related metals were observed.

Nanofibrous Mats for Particulate Matter Filtration

“…Many PM mechanisms close to black carbon are presently believed to be answerable for health effects, such as organic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known to be carcinogenic and directly harmful to cells, as well as inorganic salts and metals . Lately, the exhaust from diesel engines are mostly made up of particulates, mostly carcinogenic to humans as indicated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. , The list also contains some PAHs, interrelated exposures, and domestic use of solid fuel. , About 3% and 5% of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths, respectively, are often attributed to PM worldwide. In Europe, the percentage is 1 to 3% and 2 to 5%, respectively, in different subregions .…”

“…Calm conditions with low mixing heights during cold seasons generally lead to higher concentrations than summer periods. As reported in several studies, 15,16 the key weather or climatic parameters constitute wind speed and direction, dust storms, rainfall, monsoon, and temperature. PM 2.5 and PM 10 particles can penetrate the thoracic area of the respiratory system.…”

“…19 Lately, the exhaust from diesel engines are mostly made up of particulates, mostly carcinogenic to humans as indicated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 15,17 The list also contains some PAHs, interrelated exposures, and domestic use of solid fuel. 21,22 About 3% and 5% of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths, respectively, are often attributed to PM worldwide.…”

Advances on the immunotoxicity of outdoor particulate matter: A focus on physical and chemical properties and respiratory defence mechanisms

“…Gao and Ji 2018;Jain et al 2020). Moreover, it is noteworthy that not only PM concentration, but also PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 concentration ratio and PM chemical composition show different behaviour depending on the location, the season, weather conditions, and activity of emission sources, with potentially varying effect on human health (Bell et al, 2007;Hueglin et al, 2005;Yeh et al, 2017).…”

Gelatin filter capture-based high-throughput sequencing analysis of microbial diversity in haze particulate matter

“…As compared to PM 10 that can be readily removed by mucosal clearance, PM 2.5 [1][2][3] can be adsorbed into human pulmonary parenchyma owing to their small sizes. Moreover, the higher specific surface area of PM 2.5 facilitates their role as carrier for numerous contaminants, such as water soluble inorganic ions, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pathogens and bioaerosols [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . After entering the human body, these particles can release antigenic compounds, microbial toxins, and viruses into the bloodstream, leading to serious cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases [11][12] .…”