Effects of Selected Fungicides on Growth and Development of Larval Honey Bees,Apis melliferaL. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Effects of Captan on <I>Apis mellifera</I> Brood Development Under Field Conditions in California Almond Orchards

“…The grafting process that Mussen et al (2004) used to transfer the larvae from the bee comb to tissue culture plates may have caused some cuticular damage that, in turn, facilitated the penetration of captan into the insect body. Once inside, the rapid reactivity of captan and thiophosgene with cellular proteins, if in sufÞcient concentration, would cause cell death.…”

“…Based on these Þndings, recommendations have been made to restrict captan applications during bloom (Riedl et al 2006). Mussen et al (2004) conducted laboratory experiments with honey bee larvae using a technique developed by Peng et al (1992). One-day-old larvae were removed from brood combs using a special grafting tool and grafted into 24-well tissue culture plates.…”

“…The reported mortality in the larvae exposed to captan was 100% versus Ͻ9% mortality in the controls. Mussen et al (2004) concluded that captan residues in bee larvae diet can lead to death of the brood.…”

Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees

“…But their impact remains still largely unevaluated for most of the bumblebees. Several alternative factors such as herbicides or helminthicides impacting other organism groups could also be a factor in bumblebee decline (Lumaret, 1986;Madsen et al, 1990;Colin & Belzunces, 1992;Vandame & Belzunces, 1998;Hayes et al, 2002;Mussen et al, 2004;Simon-Delso et al, 2014). At least one other factor is regarded as strongly affecting the bumblebee fauna: the changing climate Ploquin et al, 2013;Herrera et al, 2014).…”

Side effects of fungicides on the abundance and the species diversity of the natural populations of Drosophila and their hymenopterous parasitoids in orchards

“…For example, sulfur was found to induce significant mortality (14%, 13 days after spray) of the parasitoid Anaphes iole, a biological control agent for Lygus hesperus (Udayagiri et al 2000). At a dose comparable to that applied to fields, the fungicide ziram completely prevented the development of the honeybee Apis mellifera from larvae to adult (Mussen et al 2004). Moreover, benomyl caused significant mortality of Cycloneda sanguinea larvae at all concentrations tested (Michaud 2001).…”