Proteases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that play key roles in the life cycle of parasites, in the host-parasite relationship, and in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. Furthermore, proteases are targets for the development of new antiparasitic therapy. Protozoan parasites like Leishmania predominantly express Clan CA cysteine proteases for key life cycle functions. It was therefore unexpected to find a high level of serine protease activity expressed by Leishmania donovani. Purification of this activity followed by mass spectrometry identified oligopeptidase B (OPB; Clan SC, family S9A) as the responsible enzyme. This was confirmed by gene knock-out of OPB, which resulted in the disappearance of the detected serine protease activity of Leishmania extracts. To delineate the specific role of OPB in parasite physiology, proteomic analysis was carried out on OPB(؊/؊) versus wild type parasites. Four protein species were significantly elevated in OPB(؊/؊) parasites, and all four were identified by mass spectrometry as enolase. This increased enolase was enzymatically inactive and associated with the parasite membrane. Aside from its classic role in carbohydrate metabolism, enolase was recently found to localize to membranes, where it binds host plasminogen and functions as a virulence factor for several pathogens. As expected, there was a striking alteration in macrophage responses to Leishmania when OPB was deleted. Whereas wild type parasites elicited little, if any, response from infected macrophages, OPB(؊/؊) parasites induced a massive up-regulation in gene transcription. Additionally, these OPB(؊/؊) parasites displayed decreased virulence in the murine footpad infection model.Proteases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes functioning in nearly all biological phenomena. In protozoan parasites, proteases play key roles in life cycle transition, host invasion, parasite immune evasion, and the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases (1, 2). At least 50 cysteine proteases and twenty serine proteases are known to exist in the Leishmania genome (3-5).The molecular evolution of proteases shows a striking dichotomy between the predominant Clan CA cysteine proteases of protozoa and primitive metazoa and the dominant trypsin family (S1A) serine proteases of vertebrates (6). It was therefore unexpected to find that Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Leishmania mexicana (but not the related kinetoplastid parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi) express high levels of serine protease activity, relative to cysteine protease activity in parasite extracts.To delineate the character of this serine protease activity, it was purified from Leishmania extracts and identified as Clan SC, family S9A oligopeptidase B by mass spectrometry. Oligopeptidase B (OPB) 2 has been identified in other protozoa, including T. cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma evansi (7-9). These enzymes represent a subfamily of potential chemotherapeutic targets (10) because their inhibitors have been shown to be trypanocidal (4,11,12). OPB of T. cruzi is i...