Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes

Abstract

BackgroundEccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains. PurposeTo establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age. Study DesignCross-sectional research MethodsIsokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/ Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01). ResultsA total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984).

Análisis del protocolo de curl nórdico de isquiotibiales en la flexibilidad de los deportistas (Analysis of the Nordic curl protocol in the flexibility of athletes)

“…Según Nagaj Takashi , en el baloncesto, la musculatura isquiotibial interviene activamente en los movimientos balísticos que incluyen saltos y carreras de velocidad, requiriendo fuerza y una buena amplitud de movimiento para su ejecución (Nagai et al, 2021). En este estudio la flexibilidad aumento 2,72 cm entre el inicio y final de la intervención, sin embargo, en el grupo control hubo un aumento de 2,6 cm, por lo que no se tiene claro la verdadera influencia del entrenamiento nórdico, puesto que los deportistas realizaban su entrenamiento habitual.…”

Perubahan Kelenturan Sebelum, Setelah Pemanasan Dan Setelah Melakukan Latihan Beban Sirkuit

“…Terbukti bahwa atlet putri lebih lentur dibandingkan dengan putra pada otot wuardriceps (Nagai et al, 2021). Dibandingkan antara pesenam atlet dengan bukan atlet tetapi aktif berolahraga, dilihat dari kelenturan ternyata terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pesenam dengan bukan pesenam (Marefat et al, 2021).…”

“…Hasil penelitian mengambarkan bahwa kelenturan pada atlet senam ritmit di Kota bandung sangat baik (Larasati et al, 2021). Secara nyata khususnya kelenturan pada pinggang setiap orang Pada fleksi pinggang tidak ada perbedaan (Nagai et al, 2021). DAFTAR PUSTAKA…”

Avaliando a Flexibilidade Da Musculatura Isquiotibial Com O Teste De Sentar E Alcançar Em Jogadores De Basquetebol

“…Entre os testes mais relatados para examinar os isquiotibiais, temos o SRT, classificado como teste indireto linear. Também verificam-se testes diretos angulares, como o teste de elevação passiva da perna estendida, teste de extensão do joelho, teste de flexibilidade balística e o teste 90\90(ASKLING et al, 2010;KLUSEMANN et al, 2011;MAYORGA-VEGA et al, 2014;SAIYED et al, 2015;NOTARNICOLA et al, 2017;PEREIRA;VARGHESE, 2017;MEDEIROS et al, 2019;NAGAI et al, 2021).O SRT é regularmente empregado em baterias de testes da aptidão física e na seleção de talentos esportivos(LÓPEZ-MIÑARO et al, 2008;CALLEJA-GONZÁLEZ et al, 2018;O'BRIEN et al, 2020;RAMOS et al, 2021;VILLARREAL et al, 2021;RIBEIRO JUNIOR et al, 2021). A sua importância reside no fato de que níveis apropriados de flexibilidade na musculatura isquiotibial e região lombar, podem ser preditores do risco de lesões agudas e crônicas(NEJI et al, 2020).…”