Key pointsr Skeletal muscle calcium resequestration and performance is increased in male rats with induced diabetes; and whilst muscle calcium resequestration is important during exercise, it has not been investigated in human diabetes or compared between sexes.r We show that Ca 2+ -ATPase activity and Ca 2+ uptake are higher among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with matched non-diabetic controls (CON), but that performance during intense exercise was similar; Ca 2+ -ATPase activity and Ca 2+ uptake are also higher among men than women.r We show that Ca 2+ -ATPase activity is reduced during intense exercise in men but not women, and is reduced by high-intensity exercise training (HIET) in T1D and CON.r Fatigue is commonly reported by people with diabetes, but our data show that muscle calcium resequestration and performance during intense exercise and after HIET is not impaired in T1D, and hence other physiological or psychological mechanisms for fatigue in diabetes must be sought.r Sex influences muscle calcium regulation.Abstract Calcium cycling is integral to muscle performance during the rapid muscle contraction and relaxation of high-intensity exercise. Ca 2+ handling is altered by diabetes mellitus, but has not previously been investigated in human skeletal muscle. We investigated effects of high-intensity exercise and sprint training on skeletal muscle Ca 2+ regulation among men and women with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 8, 3F, 5M) and matched non-diabetic controls (CON, n = 8, 3F, 5M). Secondarily, we examined sex differences in Ca 2+ regulation. Subjects undertook 7 weeks of three times-weekly cycle sprint training. Before and after training, performance was measured, and blood and muscle were sampled at rest and after high-intensity exercise. In T1D, higher Ca 2+ -ATPase activity (+28%) and Ca 2+ uptake (+21%) than in CON were evident across both times and days (P < 0.05), but performance was similar. In T1D, resting Ca 2+ -ATPase activity correlated with work performed until exhaustion (r = 0.7, P < 0.01). Ca 2+ -ATPase activity, but not Ca 2+ uptake, was lower (−24%, P < 0.05) among the women across both times and days. Intense exercise did not alter Ca 2+ -ATPase activity in T1D or CON. However, sex differences were evident: Ca 2+ -ATPase was reduced with exercise among men but increased among women across both days (time × sex interaction, P < 0.05). Sprint training reduced Ca 2+ -ATPase (−8%, P < 0.05), but not Ca 2+ uptake, in T1D and CON. In summary, skeletal muscle Ca 2+ resequestration capacity was increased in T1D, but performance was not greater than CON. Sprint training reduced