Effects of sexualized video games on online sexual harassment

Burnay, Jonathan; Bushman, Brad J.; Larøi, Frank

doi:10.1002/ab.21811

Cited by 40 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…In experimental studies, aggressive behaviors were mostly evaluated using actual aggressive behaviors but that targeted an accomplice (e.g., the Computer chat job interview or the computer harassment task; Burnay et al, 2019;Galdi et al, 2017) or simulated aggressive acts that were presented as aversive to the participant such as electric shocks (e.g., Leonard & Taylor, 1983).…”

Section: Aggressive Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of violent and nonviolent sexualized media on aggression‐related thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors: A meta‐analytic review

Burnay

Kepes

Bushman

2021

Aggressive Behavior

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Women are often depicted as sex objects rather than as human beings in the media (e.g., magazines, television programs, films, and video games). Theoretically, media depictions of females as sex objects could lead to negative attitudes and even aggressive behavior toward them in the real world. Using the General Aggression Model (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) as a theoretical framework, this meta-analytic review synthesizes the literature on the effects of sexualized media (both violent and nonviolent) on aggression-related thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Our sample includes 166 independent studies involving 124,236 participants, which yielded 321 independent effects. Overall, the effects were "small" to "moderate" in size (r = .16 [.14-.18]).Significant correlations were found in experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies, indicating a triangulation of evidence. Effects were stronger for violent sexualized media (r = .25 [.19-.31]) than for nonviolent sexualized media (r = .15 [.13-.17]), although the effects of nonviolent sexualized media were still significant and nontrivial in size. Moreover, the effects of violent sexualized media on aggression were greater than the effects of violent non-sexualized media on aggression obtained in previous meta-analyses. Effects were similar for male and female participants, for college students and non-students, and for participants of all ages. The effects were also stable over time. Sensitivity analyses found that effects were not unduly influenced by publication bias and/or outliers. In summary, exposure to sexualized media content, especially in combination with violence, has negative effects on women, particularly on what people think about them and how aggressively they treat them.

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Section: Aggressive Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of violent and nonviolent sexualized media on aggression‐related thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors: A meta‐analytic review

Burnay

Kepes

Bushman

2021

Aggressive Behavior

Self Cite

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“…Online games are just a reflection of what society thinks about women. Burnay et al (2019) expounded on the negative consequences of sexualized video games on men by grounding their work in the confluence model of sexual aggression (Vega & Malamuth, 2007). According to the confluence model of sexual aggression, many interrelated factors intersect to develop hostile masculine behaviors (Vega & Malamuth, 2007).…”

Section: Harassment and Sexualized Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gray et al (2017) have also highlighted that women who participate in online video games are sexually harassed and asked for sexual favors. Additionally, avatars in various online games typically sexualize, objectify, and marginalize women (Burnay, Bushman, & Larøi, 2019). Despite women's objectification, stigmatization, and masculine hegemony are prevalent in gaming culture (Cote, 2017;Gray et al, 2017;Taylor, 2012), the growing interest of Muslim women in e-sports and video gaming from conservative societies in the Muslim world raises questions, including why do people from these populations participate; what are their experiences; and do they resist existing masculine hegemonic norms through their participation?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I Can be Who I Am When I Play Tekken 7”: E-sports Women Participants from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Hussain

Cunningham

et al. 2021

Games and Culture

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Extant research on e-sports has focused on the growth and value of the phenomenon, fandom, and participant experiences. However, there is a paucity of e-sports scholarship detailing women’s experiences from marginalized communities living in various conservative Muslim countries. This shortage of literature remains despite different radical Islamic groups’ consistent demand for banning several online video games and the Muslim youth’s resistance to these calls. This study aimed to understand the motives and lived experiences of Muslim women e-sports participants from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The authors collected data via observations of online video games and in-depth interviews. The study participants revealed that they use e-sports as a vehicle for an oppositional agency and personal freedom from the patriarchal system. The findings also suggest that participants are facing systematic marginalization and grave intrusion of post-colonization. The study contributes to the limited scholarship concerning Indian subcontinent Muslim women’s e-sports participation.

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“…There is unwavering literature supporting the fact that unhealthy food and beverage marketing affects children's food choices and diets (Robinson et al, 2017). Using an experimental manipulation, Belgian college students who were exposed to sexualized content delivered through a video game were more likely to participate in online sexual harassment following game play (Burnay, Bushman, & Laroi, 2019).…”

Section: Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Constancy (the New Media “C”) and Future Generations

Borzekowski

2019

Health Educ Behav

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In the past, researchers would consider media’s impact on youth in terms of three “Cs”: consumption, content, and context. This article introduces a new construct—constancy—which supplants the previous terms. Constancy refers to the ubiquitous and continuous state of connected screens in the lives of children and adolescents. Constancy characterizes media content and use, which can be proactive, incidental, or contextual, exerting positive or negative effects on different users. Constancy can influence child development, as persistent access to smartphones and reception of messages will affect future generations’ cognition and education, social interactions, emotions, and health. It will be important to address the developmental needs of the child or adolescent and not the smartphone in his or her pocket. Constancy requires pragmatic and innovative methodologies to understand the new circumstances around children, adolescents, and media. The landscape has changed and so must our approach to research and investigation of media effects.

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Effects of sexualized video games on online sexual harassment

Abstract: Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. How to cite this article: Burnay J, Bushman BJ, Larøi F. Effects of sexualized video games on online sexual harassment. Aggr Behav. 2019;45:214-223.

Cited by 40 publications

References 51 publications

Effects of violent and nonviolent sexualized media on aggression‐related thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors: A meta‐analytic review

Effects of violent and nonviolent sexualized media on aggression‐related thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors: A meta‐analytic review

“I Can be Who I Am When I Play Tekken 7”: E-sports Women Participants from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Constancy (the New Media “C”) and Future Generations

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