Effects of shallow tillage on physical properties of clay soil and growth of spring cereals in dry and moist summers in southern Finland

Aura, Erkki

doi:10.1016/s0167-1987(99)00007-0

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In addition, a number of Scandinavian field experiments have shown that when the early summer is dry, shallow cultivation on clays and clay loams gives substantially higher yields than regular ploughing (e.g. Aura, 1999). Cropping systems without ploughing are receiving great attention in Scandinavia and world‐wide both for economic reasons, including possible reduction in labour and energy consumption, and for soil improvements (Holland, 2004).…”

Section: Climate Runoff Soil Type Tillage and Subsidies For No‐tillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifteen‐year studies in Sweden have also revealed less detrimental compaction in the long‐term (Rydberg, 1992). Improved water storage and a reduction in water losses by evaporation may follow (Aura, 1999). Increased biological activity including number of worms and improved soil structure due to an increased amount of organic matter in the surface layers are other benefits (Rasmussen, 1999).…”

Section: Soil Tillage Without Ploughing: Shallow Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

Ulén

Aronsson

Bechmann

et al. 2010

Soil Use and Management

101

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In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate‐bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine‐cultivated and mouldboard‐ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10–80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side‐effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape.

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Section: Climate Runoff Soil Type Tillage and Subsidies For No‐tillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Tillage Without Ploughing: Shallow Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

Ulén

Aronsson

Bechmann

et al. 2010

Soil Use and Management

101

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“…In particular, newly formed vertical biopores may facilitate vertical root development and thus improve deep rooting as shown by Ehlers et al. (1983, 2000) and Aura (1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect will, however, in many cases be counteracted by the development of a system of continuous pores under reduced tillage or direct drilling. In particular, newly formed vertical biopores may facilitate vertical root development and thus improve deep rooting as shown by Ehlers et al (1983Ehlers et al ( , 2000 and Aura (1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth

Munkholm

Hansen

Olesen

2008

Soil Use and Management

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Despite a vast amount of data on the effect of tillage on crop productivity, surprisingly there is little detailed information available on the influence on below and aboveground crop growth dynamics. Such information is essential for developing sustainable cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage intensity on crop growth dynamics and soil structure. A tillage experiment was established in autumn 2002 on two Danish sandy loams (Foulum and Flakkebjerg) in a cereal‐based crop rotation. The tillage systems included in this study were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8–10 cm (H8‐10), and ploughing (P). A single‐disc drill was used in the H8‐10 and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Measurements were carried out in 2004–05 and 2005–06 and winter wheat was grown in both years (first and second year winter wheat). Shoot and root growth was followed during the growing seasons using spectral reflectance and mini‐rhizotron measurements, respectively. A range of soil physical properties were measured. We found decreased early season shoot and root growth with decreasing tillage intensity. Differences diminished later in the growing season, although significant treatment effects were observed throughout the growing season for the second year winter wheat. The formerly ploughed layer in the D and H8‐10 treatments was noticeably compacted as indicated by increases in both penetration resistance and bulk density. Nitrate leaching increased with decreasing tillage intensity for the first year winter wheat at Foulum. In general ploughing resulted in the highest grain yields. This study highlights the important interaction between soil structure and crop growth dynamics.

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“…Although the yield of barley was comparatively lower than other years in ST and MP (see Table 1), stable structure and presence of macropores underneath (below 12 cm) the tilled soils of the ST treatment minimized the negative effect of climate and higher bulk density on crop growth, and resulted in a higher crop yield in ST than MP, because a higher proportion of biopores in ST than MP below the harrowing depth (at 15 cm) favored the root growth (Aura 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Effect of mouldboard ploughing and shallow tillage on sub-soil physical properties and crop performance

Parvin

Parvage

Etana

2014

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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This study was conducted in spring 2011 in a long-term field experiment with the objective of assessing the effect of shallow tillage (ST) and mouldboard ploughing (MP) on important soil physical properties and crop performance. Undisturbed soil samples were taken before sowing from depths of 15-20, 25-30 and 35-40 cm for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), bulk density (Bd), and water retention capacity in laboratory conditions. Penetrometer resistance (PR) was measured in the field after 1 month of sowing. Plant density of barley (Hordeum vulgare) was also counted after 1 month of sowing. Field water content was significantly higher for MP than ST at 15-20 cm (MP = 27%, ST = 22.5%) and 25-30 cm depth (MP = 29.3%, ST = 24.8). Water retention at 1 m suction was also significantly higher in the treatment with MP at the depth of 25-30 cm (31%) than in the ST treatment (27.7%). Significantly higher Ks value was found for ST at depths of 15-20 (13.09 cm h −1 ) and 25-30 cm (5.10 cm h −1 ) than for MP (11.15 and 3.52 cm h −1 , respectively). Soil Bd was significantly lower in MP treatments for the first two investigated depths (1.43 and 1.44 g cm −3 , respectively) than in the ST (1.54 and 1.53 g cm −3 ). Significant higher PR value was found for ST, especially at the depth of 5-35 cm, but the result was not so high as to reduce the root growth. Water content determined parallel with PR measurement was not significantly different for the two treatments. Plant density as well as crop yield in the ST treatment was higher (3840 kg ha −1 ) than in the MP treatment (2490 kg ha −1 ). Therefore, we concluded that long-term ST treatment markedly influenced crop performance and yield by facilitating soil physical properties.

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Effects of shallow tillage on physical properties of clay soil and growth of spring cereals in dry and moist summers in southern Finland

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth

Effect of mouldboard ploughing and shallow tillage on sub-soil physical properties and crop performance

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