Effects of short-term exercise and energy surplus on hormones related to regulation of energy balance

Hagobian, Todd; Sharoff, Carrie G.; Braun, Barry

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.10.016

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is perhaps surprising that acylated ghrelin concentrations were not elevated toward the end of the exercise trials, since energy intake was not increased in these trials to compensate for the energy expended during exercise. These data are consistent with the recent finding that postexercise ghrelin responses may be independent of energy balance (22) and lend support to previous research that indicated acute exercise does not increase energy intake in the short term, i.e., 1 to 2 days after exercise (6,7,24,28,29). It would be of interest to examine acylated ghrelin concentrations the day after exercise to assess whether values are elevated in response to a shortterm negative energy balance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males

Broom¹,

Batterham²,

King³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

253

231

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Broom DR, Batterham RL, King JA, Stensel DJ. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin and peptide YY in healthy males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R29 -R35, 2009. First published November 5, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90706.2008.-Resistance (muscle strengthening) exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control, yet very little is known about the effects of resistance exercise on appetite. We investigated the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger and circulating levels of the gut hormones acylated ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY). Eleven healthy male students: age 21.1 Ϯ 0.3 yr, body mass index 23.1 Ϯ 0.4 kg/m 2 , maximum oxygen uptake 62.1 Ϯ 1.8 ml⅐kg Ϫ1 ⅐min Ϫ1 (means Ϯ SE) undertook three, 8-h trials, 1) resistance exercise: a 90-min free weight lifting session followed by a 6.5-h rest period, 2) aerobic exercise: a 60-min run followed by a 7-h rest period, 3) control: an 8-h rest, in a randomized crossover design. Meals were provided 2 and 5 h into each trial. Hunger ratings and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin and PYY were measured throughout. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant (P Ͻ 0.05) interaction effects for hunger, acylated ghrelin, and PYY, indicating suppressed hunger and acylated ghrelin during aerobic and resistance exercise and increased PYY during aerobic exercise. A significant trial effect was observed for PYY, indicating higher concentrations on the aerobic exercise trial than the other trials (8 h area under the curve: control 1,411 Ϯ 110, resistance 1,381 Ϯ 97, aerobic 1,750 Ϯ 170 pg/ml 8 h). These findings suggest ghrelin and PYY may regulate appetite during and after exercise, but further research is required to establish whether exerciseinduced changes in ghrelin and PYY influence subsequent food intake.appetite; obesity; physical activity; weight control BODY WEIGHT IS REGULATED BY a balance between food intake and energy expenditure (19). Exercise is an effective method of increasing energy expenditure (2), and it may, paradoxically, lead to a short-term hunger suppression (6,7,24,28,29). This relationship between exercise and hunger has led investigators to study the role of gut hormones in mediating exerciseinduced hunger changes. The majority of studies have focused on aerobic (cardiovascular) exercise (31), with only three studies examining the effects of resistance (muscle strengthening) exercise, and these have reported contradictory effects (21,33,47). Resistance exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control (2) and public health (23, 42); thus, it is important to clarify the effects of resistance exercise on hunger and gut hormones.The effect of acute exercise bouts on total plasma ghrelin concentrations is controversial, with studies reporting no changes either during or postexercise (10,15,26,27,32,39,43,45,47), as well as increases (14,17,25,44) and decreases (21,33,48,50). Acylation of ghrelin is thought to be essential for appetite...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males

Broom¹,

Batterham²,

King³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

253

231

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the intensity was similar during the three performance tests in current study, only the second test that was performed after high-volume trainings induced a signiWcant decrease in leptin. This was probably due to the increasing negative energy balance in the organism as discussed before ) and seems to conWrm the previous Wndings that the energy balance is the main factor for changes in leptin during the exercise (Karamouzis et al 2002;Hagobian et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The effect of 4-week training period on plasma neuropeptide Y, leptin and ghrelin responses in male rowers

Rämson

Jürimäe

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The aim was to investigate the effect of high-volume low intensity resistance training protocol combined with endurance training on plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentration in rowers. Additionally, leptin and ghrelin, as markers for body energy balance concentrations, were monitored. 12 highly trained national and international level male rowers participated in this study. The participants were tested three times--after reference week (T1), after 2 weeks of high-volume training (T2) and after a recovery week (T3) for aerobic performance, energy intake and expenditure, and blood biochemical parameters. The submaximal rowing performance decreased significantly (P = 0.019) at T2. Fasting leptin decreased significantly (from 2.05 ± 0.88 to 1.28 ± 0.53 ng/mL; P = 0.009) at T2 and increased significantly (from 1.28 ± 0.53 to 1.79 ± 0.79 ng/mL; P = 0.002) at T3. Fasting ghrelin decreased significantly (from 980 ± 300.2 to 873.35 ± 198.6 pg/mL; P = 0.036) at T3 compared to T2, while no changes were found in fasting NPY. Significant decreases in exercise-induced leptin were observed at T2 (from 1.13 ± 0.5 to 1.08 ± 0.5 ng/mL; P = 0.012), PRE and POST test leptin values at T2 were significantly decreased compared to T1(1.40 ± 0.9 to 1.13 ± 0.5 and 1.44 ± 0.8 to 1.08 ± 0.5, respectively). Acute exercise-induced increases in NPY were found at T2 (from 128.1 ± 23.2 to 155.1 ± 28.9 pmol/L; P = 0.002) and at T3 (from 131.3 ± 20.5 to 159.7 ± 32.8 pmol/L, P = 0.004). In conclusion, the combination of high-volume training protocol and energy imbalance induces significant post-exercise changes in NPY, leptin, and ghrelin concentrations and decreases fasting leptin.

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“…The real-world impact of these male-female differences in hormones that regulate energy intake will depend upon if/how these effects manifested over time. The hormones that regulate energy intake respond quickly to alterations in energy status, well prior to measurable changes in body fat (3,18,38). If the hormonal pattern of changes that we observed is maintained over time, body fat loss may be accentuated in men compared with women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…We have previously described a similar protocol to accurately estimate energy intake and expenditure (3,17,18). Prior to the intervention, all subjects completed a diet survey to provide an initial estimate of energy intake.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women

Hagobian

Sharoff²,

Stephens³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

Self Cite

132

112

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-When previously sedentary men and women follow exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding, men lose body fat, but women do not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this observation could be related to sex differences in the way energy-regulating hormones and appetite perception respond to exercise. Eighteen (9 men, 9 women) overweight/ obese individuals completed four bouts of exercise with energy added to the baseline diet to maintain energy balance (BAL), and four bouts without energy added to induce energy deficit (DEF). Concentrations of acylated ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, as well as appetite ratings were measured in response to a meal after a no-exercise baseline and both exercise conditions. In men, acylated ghrelin area under the curve (AUC) was not different between conditions. In women, acylated ghrelin AUC was higher after DEF (ϩ32%) and BAL (ϩ25%), and the change from baseline was higher than men (P Ͻ 0.05). In men, insulin AUC was reduced (Ϫ17%) after DEF (P Ͻ 0.05), but not BAL. In women, insulin AUC was lower (P Ͻ 0.05) after DEF (Ϫ28%) and BAL (Ϫ15%). Leptin concentrations were not different across conditions in either sex. In men, but not in women, appetite was inhibited after BAL relative to DEF. The results indicate that, in women, exercise altered energy-regulating hormones in a direction expected to stimulate energy intake, regardless of energy status. In men, the response to exercise was abolished when energy balance was maintained. The data are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women. acylated ghrelin; leptin; insulin; physical activity; body fat; food intake EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL WEIGHT CONTROL REGISTRY shows the critical importance of regular aerobic exercise in maintaining lost body weight and body fat (25). On the basis of a strong body of data, the Institute of Medicine indicated that preventing body fat gain over time probably requires 60 min of physical activity per day (4). When previously sedentary individuals begin exercise training programs, however, fat loss is neither inevitable nor consistent across the sexes (11, 36). In general, men lose body fat when they undertake structured exercise training programs with ad libitum eating (9,22,36). In contrast, women do not lose body fat in identical protocols (9,22,36). For example, Donnelly et al. (11) reported that supervised aerobic exercise 5 days/wk for 16 mo lowered body fat and body weight in men who ate ad libitum. In contrast, there were no changes in body fat and body mass in women. These data are corroborated by similar studies showing sex differences in body fat loss or fat oxidation (19,20,36). Taken together, these data suggest that during exercise training, men do not sufficiently increase energy intake to balance their new higher energy expenditure. In contrast, women more precisely match intake with expenditure and therefore maintain body weight and body fat.Sex differences in body fat loss in response to aerobic exercise may result, a...

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Effects of short-term exercise and energy surplus on hormones related to regulation of energy balance

Cited by 53 publications

References 35 publications

Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males

Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males

The effect of 4-week training period on plasma neuropeptide Y, leptin and ghrelin responses in male rowers

Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women

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