Effects of short-term stress, xylazine tranquilization and anesthetization with xylazine plus ketamine on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized pony mares

Thompson, Donald L.; Garza, F.; Mitchell, P. S.; George, Richard L.

doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(88)80056-6

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, in that study, cortisol levels were measured at distinct points of time after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection and not after exercise. For example, short-term stress induced in pony mares caused an increase in plasma cortisol concentration about 20 min later (Thompson et al 1988). Moreover, in exercise conditions, the role of CRH is replaced by vasopressin (Alexander et al 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, it was found that salivary cortisol concentrations could be useful markers of relative intensity of exercise in thoroughbred racehorses (Kę dzierski et al 2012). It is not known if the effort which is routinely applied to Arabian racehorses will be sufficient to involve significant increase in salivary cortisol levels, especially because cortisol release is delayed in time in response to a stimulating factor (Thompson et al 1988;Peeters et al 2011). During race training, Purebred Arabian horses should be submitted to less intensive exertion than thoroughbreds .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During race training, Purebred Arabian horses should be submitted to less intensive exertion than thoroughbreds . It is not known if the effort which is routinely applied to Arabian racehorses will be sufficient to involve significant increase in salivary cortisol levels, especially because cortisol release is delayed in time in response to a stimulating factor (Thompson et al 1988;Peeters et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in salivary and plasma cortisol levels inPurebredArabian horses during race training session

Kędzierski

Cywińska

Strzelec

et al. 2013

Animal Science Journal

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Physical activity and stress both cause an increase in cortisol release ratio. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of saliva samples for the determination of cortisol concentrations indicating the work-load level in horses during race training. Twelve Purebred Arabian horses aged 3-5 years were studied during the routine training session. After the warm-up, the horses galloped on the 800 m sand track at a speed of 12.8 m/s. Three saliva samples, and three blood samples were collected from each horse. Both types of samples were taken at rest, immediately after return from the track and after 30 min restitution. The concentrations of blood lactic acid (LA), and cortisol in saliva and plasma samples were measured and analyzed. Blood LA, plasma and salivary cortisol levels increased significantly after exercise (P < 0.05). Salivary cortisol concentration determined 30 min after the exercise correlated significantly with plasma cortisol level obtained immediately after exercise (P < 0.05) as well as measured 30 min after the end of exercise (P < 0.05). The determination of cortisol concentration in saliva samples taken from racehorses 30 min after the end of exercise can be recommended to use in field conditions to estimate the work-load in racehorses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in salivary and plasma cortisol levels inPurebredArabian horses during race training session

Kędzierski

Cywińska

Strzelec

et al. 2013

Animal Science Journal

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“…In contrast, Goubillon et al (1999) did not observe any change in the LHRH pulses in rats given the same dose. Ketamine has also been observed not to have an effect on testosterone in monkeys (Zaidi et al 1982, Malaivijitnond et al 1998, and ketamine/xylazine and xylazine alone did not affect FSH and LH up to 24 h after administration in pony mares (Thompson et al 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The effect of ketamine/xylazine and carbon dioxide on plasma luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and testosterone concentrations in the male Norway rat

Gould

2008

Lab Anim

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SummaryThe effect of a commonly used anaesthetic, ketamine/xylazine and/or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on plasma luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and testosterone concentrations was determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These values were compared with values obtained from pre-anaesthetic control samples. Ketamine/xylazine treatment did not significantly affect testosterone concentrations. In contrast, LHRH started to decrease one hour after ketamine/xylazine administration and continued to significantly decrease after 24 h. In addition, in the CO 2 euthanasia-only group, LHRH concentrations were also significantly decreased. These results suggest that ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia followed by CO 2 euthanasia 24 h later is exerting a significant effect on LHRH concentrations 24 h after anaesthetizing, while only having a slight effect on testosterone, and that CO 2 is exerting an immediate significant effect on LHRH. In conclusion, LHRH analysis should be avoided after ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia and CO 2 euthanasia.

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“…This phenomenon can also be the result of individual response to manipulation of blood collection. However, cortisol release is a timedependent process; it takes almost 20 minutes to reach peak values in plasma after the stress stimulation (Thompson et al 1988). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transportation procedures on salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations in cold-blood horses

Kędzierski¹,

Bełkot²,

Janczarek³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Summary: Horses are often transported. Road transport is stressful for horses and induces various rates of cortisol release related to breed and age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress level in cold-blood horses of different ages, in response transport over two different distances. The stress level was evaluated on the basis of cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva samples taken during transportation procedures. A total of 36 cold-blood mares in the process of being sold and bought were included in the study. The horses were divided into four age-and distance-related groups. Twelve adult mares and 12 fillies were transported 50 km. The other two groups (six fillies and six adult mares) were transported 550 km. Samples were taken at rest, two times during the transportation procedure and 12 hours after transport 50 km or 24 hours after transport 550 km. Salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations increased during transportation procedures and remained elevated 12 and 24 hours after the end of transport. In conclusion, in cold-blood horses subjected to transportation, even 24 hours post-transport rest is insufficient to lower plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations to baseline values. Cold-blood, naive horses seem to be more sensitive to changes in location than to road transport. Saliva samples are useful for the determination of cortisol concentration in transported cold-blood horses.

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Effects of short-term stress, xylazine tranquilization and anesthetization with xylazine plus ketamine on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized pony mares

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Changes in salivary and plasma cortisol levels inPurebredArabian horses during race training session

Changes in salivary and plasma cortisol levels inPurebredArabian horses during race training session

The effect of ketamine/xylazine and carbon dioxide on plasma luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and testosterone concentrations in the male Norway rat

Effects of transportation procedures on salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations in cold-blood horses

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