Effects of silibinin and ethanol on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract

PURPOSE:To investigate the potential beneficial effect of silibinin in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of skeletal muscle. METHODS: Under urethane anesthesia, four experimental groups were established in Balb/c mice: I) Sham-control, II) IRI (Tourniquet-induced) (2+1 h), III) IRI+ethanol (10%), and IV) IRI+silibinin (50 mg/kg/IP). The viability of muscle (left) was evaluated by the triphenyltetrazolium chloride dye method and calculated as the percentage of the contralateral control muscle (right). Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were measured in the gastrocnemius muscle via a spectrophotometer. RESULTS:The viability of gastrocnemius muscle in group II was significantly lower in comparison with that seen in group I. The administration of either ethanol or silibinin rendered the tissues to recover nearly to the baseline level. Additionally, malondialdehyde levels were higher in group II than those in group I. The application of silibinin prior to the reperfusion attenuated these to the control levels. However, malondialdehyde levels in the ethanol administrated group were reduced as well. The enhanced superoxide dismutase activity seen in the IRI group was not diminished in the animals treated with either silibinin or ethanol. Similarly, there were no differences between groups regarding the catalase activities. CONCLUSION: Ethanol seems to be effective in attenuating IRI in skeletal muscle and no definite conclusion can be made on silibinin effect.

Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle

“…Second, skeletal muscle have longer endurance to IR injury than other susceptible organs. Drugs such as silibinin [24], iloprost [25], and dextran sulfate [26], which can attenuate the heart, renal, and brain IR injury have little effect in skeletal muscle injury. Finally, some drugs like hydrogen sulfide [2] and carbon monoxide [21], which are effective in physiologic dosage might be poisonous in moderate or high doses.…”

Bilobalide protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via the MAPK/NF-κB pathways in rats

“…It has been reported that ischemic preconditioning [ 9 ], ischemic postconditioning [ 21 ], controlled reperfusion [ 22 ], hypothermia [ 23 ], light-emitting diode therapy [ 24 ] and some other physical therapies can relieve skeletal I/R injury [ 25 ]. In addition, several agents, such as dexamethasone [ 10 ], curcumin [ 26 ], salvianolic acid [ 8 ], silibinin [ 27 ], simvastatin [ 28 ], cyclosporine A [ 29 ], hydrogen-rich saline [ 30 ] and lipoxin A4 [ 4 ], have been shown to be effective in attenuating skeletal I/R injury. In cases of traumatic injuries in which I/R is not predictable and early intervention is desired, such strategies are not as relevant.…”

Antioxidant effect of Legalon(r) SIL in ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat skeletal muscle

“…In fact, in a previous study performed in our laboratory, administration of 200 mg/kg silibinin had not been tolerated by the mice (i.e. almost all died probably due to lung edema), and the dose was reduced to an effective but not harmful level (50 mg/kg) 18 . Nevertheless, the probability of the highest dose of Legalon ® SIL being toxic is less than it simply being ineffective against cellular infarction in the present study.…”

“…Indeed, silymarin and silibinin have been found to exert beneficial effects in various IRI models established in different tissues, including the liver, the brain, the kidneys, the heart, and the intestine [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . As there had been no prior investigations exploring the potential effect of silibinin on IRI of skeletal muscle, we previously made an attempt to investigate its effects in a rodent model 18 . Since silibinin is not water-soluble, we used ethanol to dissolve the substance.…”