Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate

Gillooly, James F.; Brown, James H.; West, Geoffrey B.; Savage, Van M.; Charnov, Eric L.

doi:10.1126/science.1061967

Cited by 3,192 publications

(3,707 citation statements)

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“…The gradient relating MLSP to mass was the same as that derived previously using a smaller data set (Lindstedt and Calder 1976). In a recent re-emergence of allometric scaling investigations, West et al (1997) and Gillooly et al (2001) suggested that most energetics relationships conform to allometric exponents of around 0.75, as determined by the rate at which resources are delivered to cells via fractal network systems. However, this proposition has been questioned on both theoretical Konarzewski 2004, 2005;Clarke 2006) and empirical grounds (Glazier 2005), and our data similarly did not support 0.75 allometric scaling.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Energetics and longevity in birds

Furness

Speakman

2008

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The links between energy expenditure and ageing are different at different levels of enquiry. When studies have examined the relationships between different species within a given class the association is generally negative-animals with greater metabolism per gram of tissue live shorter lives. Within species, or between classes (e.g. between birds and mammals) the association is the opposite-animals with higher metabolic rates live longer. We have previously shown in mammals that the negative association between lifespan and metabolic rate is in fact an artefact of using resting rather than daily energy expenditure, and of failing to adequately take into account the confounding effects of body size and the lack of phylogenetic independence of species data. When these factors are accounted for, across species of mammals, the ones with higher metabolism also have the largest lifetime expenditures of energy-consistent with the inter-class and intra-specific data. A previous analysis in birds did not yield the same pattern, but this may have been due to a lack of sufficient power in the analysis. Here we present an analysis of a much enlarged data set (>300 species) for metabolic and longevity traits in birds. These data show very similar patterns to those in mammals. Larger individuals have longer lives and lower per-gram resting and daily energy expenditures, hence there is a strong negative relationship between longevity and mass-specific metabolism. This relationship disappears when the confounding effects of body mass and phylogeny are accounted for. Across species of birds, lifetime expenditure of energy per gram of tissue based on both daily and resting energy expenditure is positively related to metabolic intensity, mirroring these statistical relationships in mammals and synergising with the positive associations of metabolism with lifespan within species and between vertebrate classes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Energetics and longevity in birds

Furness

Speakman

2008

AGE

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“…The temperature-dependence of growth rates in different species has gained much attention in the context of the metabolic theory of ecology (Gillooly et al, 2001;Brown et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modeling of Microcystis aeruginosa growth and [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR production in culture media at different temperatures

et al. 2017

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A B S T R A C TThe effect of temperature (26 C, 28 C, 30 C and 35 C) on the growth of native CAAT-3-2005 Microcystis aeruginosa and the production of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were examined through laboratory studies. Kinetic parameters such as specific growth rate (m), lag phase duration (LPD) and maximum population density (MPD) were determined by fitting the modified Gompertz equation to the M. aeruginosa strain cell count (cells mL À1 ). A 4.8-fold increase in m values and a 10.8-fold decrease in the LPD values were found for M. aeruginosa growth when the temperature changed from 15 C to 35 C. The activation energy of the specific growth rate (Em) and of the adaptation rate (E 1 /LPD) were significantly correlated (R 2 = 0.86). The cardinal temperatures estimated by the modified Ratkowsky model were minimum temperature = 8.58 AE 2.34 C, maximum temperature = 45.04 AE 1.35 C and optimum temperature = 33.39 AE 0.55 C.Maximum MC-LR production decreased 9.5-fold when the temperature was increased from 26 C to 35 C. The maximum production values were obtained at 26 C and the maximum depletion rate of intracellular MC-LR was observed at 30-35 C. The MC-LR cell quota was higher at 26 and 28 C (83 and 80 fg cell À1 , respectively) and the MC-LR Chl-a quota was similar at all the different temperatures (0.5-1.5 fg ng À1 ).The Gompertz equation and dynamic model were found to be the most appropriate approaches to calculate M. aeruginosa growth and production of MC-LR, respectively. Given that toxin production decreased with increasing temperatures but growth increased, this study demonstrates that growth and toxin production processes are uncoupled in M. aeruginosa. These data and models may be useful to predict M. aeruginosa bloom formation in the environment.

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“…where P 0 is a normalization constant that varies between taxa and environments, β is the mass scaling exponent, E is an activation energy that gives the temperature dependence, k is Boltzmann's constant; and T is temperature in kelvin (17,27,28). Average residence time of carbon molecules within an individual is obtained by substituting Eq.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic theory predicts whole-ecosystem properties

Schramski

Dell

Grady

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Understanding the effects of individual organisms on material cycles and energy fluxes within ecosystems is central to predicting the impacts of human-caused changes on climate, land use, and biodiversity. Here we present a theory that integrates metabolic (organism-based bottom-up) and systems (ecosystem-based topdown) approaches to characterize how the metabolism of individuals affects the flows and stores of materials and energy in ecosystems. The theory predicts how the average residence time of carbon molecules, total system throughflow (TST), and amount of recycling vary with the body size and temperature of the organisms and with trophic organization. We evaluate the theory by comparing theoretical predictions with outputs of numerical models designed to simulate diverse ecosystem types and with empirical data for real ecosystems. Although residence times within different ecosystems vary by orders of magnitude-from weeks in warm pelagic oceans with minute phytoplankton producers to centuries in cold forests with large tree producers-as predicted, all ecosystems fall along a single line: residence time increases linearly with slope = 1.0 with the ratio of whole-ecosystem biomass to primary productivity (B/P). TST was affected predominantly by primary productivity and recycling by the transfer of energy from microbial decomposers to animal consumers. The theory provides a robust basis for estimating the flux and storage of energy, carbon, and other materials in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems and for quantifying the roles of different kinds of organisms and environments at scales from local ecosystems to the biosphere. metabolic theory | systems ecology | total system throughflow | residence time | cycling I n most ecosystems, energy and materials flow through trophic networks comprised of plant primary producers, animal consumers, and microbial decomposers (Fig. 1). The individual organisms that make up these networks control the storage and flux of energy, carbon, and other materials. Consequently, a theoretical framework that can account for how different kinds of organisms and ecosystems affect fluxes and stores of energy and materials in ecosystems is central to understanding the carbon cycle of the biosphere and to predicting the impacts of humancaused changes in climate, land use, and biodiversity (1-3). Although it has long been recognized that different kinds of organisms play important roles in the processing of energy and materials in ecosystems, existing treatments are incomplete. Most studies have focused on particular trophic levels, such as primary producers or herbivores, specific ecosystem types, such as tropical forest or pelagic marine, or single species, such as top predators or ecosystem engineers (4-14). Still missing is a simple mechanistic theory that can make precise, quantitative predictions based on the mechanistic relationships between traits of the organisms in the different trophic levels and whole-ecosystem properties, such as carbon flux or recycling.Two main t...

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Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate

Cited by 3,192 publications

References 10 publications

Energetics and longevity in birds

Energetics and longevity in birds

Mathematical modeling of Microcystis aeruginosa growth and [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR production in culture media at different temperatures

Metabolic theory predicts whole-ecosystem properties

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