Effects of small-scale turbulence on microalgae

Thomas, William H.; Gibson, Carl H.

doi:10.1007/bf02179771

Cited by 227 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Features such as the physical stability of the water column, warm waters and high incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (Paerl, 1988), the input of inorganic N and/or P, adequate availability of trace metals, organic matter loading, high pH, and the presence of suitable sediments for storing akinetes, have all been described as important factors contributing to cyanobacterium bloom formation (Davis & Koop, 2006;Marino et al, 2006). Contrarily, turbulence has been pointed out as a factor affecting bloom development (Thomas & Gibson, 1990). Turbulent environments have more deeply mixed waters, which can limit light availability to cyanobacteria , and microscale turbulence can have adverse impacts on N 2 fixation by nonheterocystous species, thus affecting their growth (Paerl et al, 1995).…”

Section: Bloom and Mat-forming Brackish-water Cyanobacteria And Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Lopes

Vasconcelos

2011

European Journal of Phycology

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms found in aquatic and terrestrial biotopes and ecosystems throughout the world. Marine and freshwater cyanobacteria have been extensively studied due to the toxic hazards that some of them create and biotechnological interest. In contrast, the cyanobacteria of brackish waters have been less studied despite being able to form toxic blooms like their freshwater and marine counterparts. We review the occurrence, diversity and toxicity of cyanobacteria species in the brackish waters of Europe, mainly estuaries and brackish environments of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The dominant cyanobacteria belong mainly to the planktonic genera Nodularia, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Anabaena, but also the benthic forms of Anabaena and Phormidium. Most genera from brackish waters are reported to be hepatotoxin producers (microcystin and nodularin). However, anatoxin-a and other bioactive compounds (e.g. apoptogens) can also be found and are produced exclusively by benthic forms. Nodularin is the best-characterized brackish-water cyanotoxin, being primarily produced by N. spumigena. Data are presented on cyanotoxin production, accumulation, and potential food chain transfer, with a particular focus on nodularin, which induces multiple effects on food-chain dynamics. Microcystins and anatoxin-a are also considered. Potential risks to animals and humans from cyanotoxin exposure are discussed, although reports of animal poisoning by brackish-water toxic cyanobacteria are scarce and no cases of human intoxication are yet known.

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Section: Bloom and Mat-forming Brackish-water Cyanobacteria And Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Lopes

Vasconcelos

2011

European Journal of Phycology

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“…Examination of ballast water samples from ships arriving in 18 Australian ports as well as routine ballast water inspections made en-route during 3 voyages on the 'Iron Whyalla' (Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Rigby et al 1997 have shown that motile, photosynthetic dinoflagellate cells usually do not survive long voyages in ballast tanks where massive phytoplankton mortalities are Incurred 1 to 3 d after ballasting. Many dinoflagellate cells are sensitive, first to the turbulence imposed during ballast pumping (Thomas & Gibson 1990), followed by unfavourable conditions in ballast tanks of darkness, changing temperature and nutrient conditions, as well as increased vulnerability to zooplankton grazing The only motile dinoflagellate species that tend to survive are members of niixotrophic and heterotrophic genera such as Protoperidinium, Phalacroma and Diplopsalopsis which primalily feed on detritus (see also Galil & Hulsman 1997). Such on-board or end-of-voyage phytoplankton ballast tank observations are now available for ships travelling between Japan and Australia (Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Yoshida et al 1996, Japan and North America (Kelly 1993), Japan and Canada (Rigby & Hallegraeff 1994, Yoshida et al 1996 and voyages within Europe (Macdonald & Davidson 1998).…”

Section: Scenario Of Successful Ballast Water Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water:bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies

Hallegraeff¹

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

266

141

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The results of 10 yr of Australian research efforts on transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships' ballast water are reviewed, supplemented with the conclusions of similar studies now underway in Europe, Israel, North America, Canada, Japan, China and New Zealand Toxic dinoflagellates are probably the best studied model organism to assess the bioeconomic risks of ballast water introduction of nonindigenous marine pests. A plausible scenario for their successful introduction and establishment in Australian waters is: (1) ballast water ~n t a k e during seasonal plankton blooms and to a lesser extent via resuspended cysts in sedimcmts from Japanese or Korean ports; (2) survival as resistant resting cysts durlng the ballasting proccss, the voyage in a dark ballast tank, and subsequent ballast water discharge (inoculation); (3) successful germination of cysts, sustained growth and reproduction of plankton cells in an Australian port; and (4) further spreading via coastal currents or domestic shipping, culminating under suitable environmental conditions in harmful algal blooms impacting on aquacultural operations (causative organisms of paralytic shellfish poisoning). Until international agreement and acceptance of a fully effective, practicable, safe, economically viable and environmentally friendly ballast water treatment is achieved (mid-ocean ballast water exchange and heat treatment are the only options offering promise at present), an international warning network for algal blooms in ports appears to be an effective way to minimise risks. It is also recommended that aquaculture operations and marine parks should be sited well clear of the ballast water influence of shipping ports.

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“…Turbulence parameters, however, were not defined or measured. Thomas and Gibson (1990) described qualitative changes in swimming behavior of Gonyaulax polyedra upon exposure to simple shear flow. Whereas cells in the control swam forward vigorously, cells under shear lost their trailing flagellum and seemed to spin in place.…”

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confidence: 99%

Motion of dinoflagellates in a simple shear flow

Karp‐Boss

Boss

Jumars

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

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Turbulence can be highly significant to dinoflagellates by affecting their swimming motion. We examined the effects of simple shear flow on swimming trajectories and orientations of two species of dinoflagellates Glenodinium foliaceum and Alexandrium catenella. In the absence of either shear or a cue that can cause directional motion, swimming orientations of both species were insignificantly different from random. Although cells of G. foliaceum maintained their random swimming orientations upon exposure to shear, swimming orientations of both single cells and chains of A. catenella were affected by shear. Magnitude of the effect increased with shear rate. Changes in decorrelation times, as a result of exposure to shear, were observed for both species, providing another indication that shear affects swimming behavior. Decorrelation times for the swimming directions of both species were of the same order as the characteristic time scale of turbulence that would produce shear rates comparable to those examined in this study. Theoretical models that assess the effects of turbulence on vertical migration of dinoflagellates and predator-prey interactions commonly assume that swimming motion of dinoflagellates in the presence of shear flow can be described by simple superposition of the flow on the swimming motion in the absence of flow. Our results suggest that this assumption is not universally true.

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Effects of small-scale turbulence on microalgae

Cited by 227 publications

References 14 publications

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water:bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies

Motion of dinoflagellates in a simple shear flow

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