Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field conditions

Baldinger, Beatrice; Hasenfratz, M.; Bättig, K.

doi:10.1002/hup.470100207

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This would support recent findings that nicotine EC has a greater effect on abstinence and smoking reduction than placebo EC [24]. Additionally, studies with DNCs have reported effects on craving alleviation in abstaining smokers after one [25] and four [26] days of DNC use. This could be in part due to the potentially reinforcing chemicals still present in DNCs, or it may be because DNCs provide sensorimotor input more proximal to smoking than EC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes on Urges to Smoke and Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomised Cross-Over Study

Przulj¹,

McRobbie²

2015

J Addict Res Ther

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Objective: Nicotine-free electronic cigarettes (EC) alleviate cigarette withdrawal symptoms in the short-term. This is likely due to mimicking sensations of smoking, but could be a simple distraction effect. To test this, effects of EC were compared to effects of a distraction tool (a stress ball; SB) on ratings of cigarette withdrawal symptoms following overnight abstinence and following a day of abstinence.Method: Thirty-seven smokers (≥ 18 years; at least 10 cigarettes per day, smoking within an hour of waking) participated in a randomised cross-over trial, with two conditions (EC and SB) following overnight abstinence, on two separate days. Measures were completed in the morning and again in the evening following EC and SB use throughout the day while trying to abstain from smoking. The primary outcome was changes in urge-to-smoke (11-point scale) from baseline to 10-minutes after product use, following overnight abstinence; secondary outcomes included ratings of cigarette withdrawal symptoms after product use over 1 hour in the morning, and again in the evening following abstinence over the day.Results: EC reduced urge-to-smoke to a greater extent than SB (p=0.012) [95% Cl: 0.65-1.34]. Urge-to-smoke and withdrawal symptom ratings over the hour in the morning were significantly lower with EC (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively), but this effect diminished by the evening. Conclusion:Nicotine free EC alleviated urges-to-smoke acutely, over and above a distraction effect. The effect however weakened over the day.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes on Urges to Smoke and Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomised Cross-Over Study

Przulj¹,

McRobbie²

2015

J Addict Res Ther

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“…De-nicotinized cigarettes have also been found to reduce symptoms of nicotine withdrawal normally associated with tobacco abstinence (11,15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). It has been hypothesized that inhaling smoke with substantially reduced levels of nicotine may provide sensorimotor cues that moderate the craving for cigarettes and facilitate nicotine withdrawal (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure among Smokers Not Intending to Quit

Hammond

O’Connor

2014

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The U.S. FDA has the authority to limit the nicotine content of cigarettes; however, there are concerns that reduced nicotine cigarettes will be smoked more intensely and, therefore, will increase exposure to toxic chemicals in smoke. This study examined changes in consumer behavior and exposure in response to cigarettes with substantially reduced nicotine content.Methods: Seventy-two adult smokers completed an unblinded trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes. Participants completed a 7-day baseline period during which they smoked their usual cigarette brand, followed by consecutive 7-day periods smoking cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine levels (0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 mg emission Quest cigarettes). Nicotine dependence and withdrawal, smoking behavior, and biomarkers of exposure were assessed for each 7-day period.Results: Significant reductions in nicotine intake were observed between usual brand smoking ($1.2 mg nicotine) and the 0.3 and 0.05 mg nicotine emission cigarettes, but not the 0.6 mg cigarette. The findings provide little evidence of compensatory smoking of Quest cigarettes, with no increases in exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels, smoking intensity, or levels of 1-hydroxypyrene across study periods. No significant differences were observed for smoking urges or measures of nicotine dependence.Conclusions: The study adds to the evidence that cigarettes with markedly reduced nicotine content are not associated with increased smoking intensity or exposure to smoke toxicants.Impact: The findings add to the evidence base on reduced nicotine content cigarettes and have the potential to inform FDA policy on nicotine levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(10); 2032-40. Ó2014 AACR.

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“…Over 24 hours of abstinence, craving was significantly lower with DNCs than with no intervention [28] and this was also observed on some, though not all, measures of craving over 4 days of abstinence [36]. However, in a well-controlled study which hospitalised volunteers for 13 days, participants in the DNC and notreatment conditions did not differ in ratings of craving over 11 days of abstinence [38].…”

Section: De-nicotinised Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The size of this effect is unknown, and regression analyses revealed significant individual differences, in that males and more dependent smokers reported more similar ratings between the two types of cigarette. A fair number of studies have however found similar craving suppression to nicotine containing cigarettes [7,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: De-nicotinised Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Sensorimotor Replacement on Smoking Cessation and Craving

Przulj¹

2012

TOADDJ

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Current treatments for smoking cessation such as nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline address the primary reinforcer of smoking (nicotine), but sensorimotor stimuli (e.g. smell/taste of smoke, inhaling/exhaling, airway sensations, holding the cigarette) may act as secondary reinforcers and also contribute to smoking reward. Addressing both these aspects of smoking may help to enhance smoking cessation treatment. The aim of this review was to examine whether sensorimotor replacement can help to alleviate craving and aid smoking cessation. Three sensorimotor replacement products were examined: non-nicotine inhalators/aerosols, de-nicotinised cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. The current research suggests that sensorimotor replacement may enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, but is unlikely to be useful if used alone. Electronic cigarettes may be the most promising approach, due to the combination of nicotine delivery and sensorimotor input.

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Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field conditions

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes on Urges to Smoke and Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomised Cross-Over Study

Effects of Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes on Urges to Smoke and Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomised Cross-Over Study

Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure among Smokers Not Intending to Quit

The Effect of Sensorimotor Replacement on Smoking Cessation and Craving

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