Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on dietary habits of a Swiss urban population

Abstract

Objectives: To assess whether current smokers eat differently than never smokers and the relation of smoking cessation to dietary change. Design: Population-based survey from 1993 ± 1997. Setting: The Bus Sante  2000, epidemiologic observatory of Geneva, Switzerland. Subjects: A representative sample of 2301 men and 2306 women resident of Geneva, Switzerland. Results: In both genders, compared to never smokers, current heavy smokers ( ! 20 cigarettesad) consumed daily less total vegetables proteins (P`0.03), carbohydrates (P`0.0001), saccharose (P`0.01), ®bers (P`0.0001), beta-carotene (P`0.001), fruit (P`0.0001) and vegetables (P`0.04), but they drank more alcohol (P`0.0001) and more coffee (P`0.005). In addition, female current smokers ate less energy (P`0.4), complex carbohydrates (P`0.002), cereals (P`0.003), vegetables (P`0.0001) and less iron (P`0.02). The diet of ex-smokers tended to become more similar to that of never smokers. When longer duration of smoking cessation increased, the consumption of total carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates increased (P`0.01 and P`0.06), and alcohol decreased (P`0.07) in both genders. Conclusions: As in other Western countries, the diet of Swiss smokers appears less healthy than that of never smokers in both men and women, while smoking cessation has bene®cial aspect on the quality of the diet. Current smoking appears to have an even stronger effect on the diet of women than on the diet of men. Sponsorship: Swiss National Fund for Scienti®c Research (Grants No 32.31.326.91,

Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

“…1,2,39,46 Previous reports of retinol intake in smokers and nonsmokers have not shown a consistent pattern, with both higher 25,34 and lower intakes 9,28,38,45 for smokers, as well as no difference. 1,2,15,17,21,26,28 In INTERMAP, retinol intake was nonsignificantly higher in smokers than never smokers for PRC men, significantly lower in smokers for US men and women, with no difference in intake for Japanese and UK men and women.…”

“…15,21,22,26,28,29,31,[37][38][39]46 In INTERMAP, MUFA intake was higher in smokers than never smokers for UK and US women; vitamin A intake was significantly lower for US men and women; thiamine intake was significantly lower for US men and women, the only gender-country subgroups for which it was available; and PFA/SFA was significantly lower in smokers in UK and US men and women.…”

“…Smokers were also found to have lower intakes of vegetable protein than nonsmokers in three other studies. 6,15,27 Animal protein intake was higher in smokers for UK women and PRC men, but lower in smokers than nonsmokers for Japanese women. Animal protein intake has been higher in smokers than nonsmokers in some studies, 6,9,22 with no difference in intake in others.…”

“…6,[8][9][10][15][16][17]21,25,26,28,33,36,39,41,42,46,47 This was also true for INTERMAP participants. Nutrients for which there were differences in intakes between smokers and ex-smokers also generally showed differences in the same direction between smokers and never smokers, for example, in smokers compared to ex-smokers lower energy from vegetable protein and carbohydrates, lower intakes of dietary fibre, beta carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B 6 , calcium, iron, phosphorus, and Mg, and lower urinary excretion of urea and K. There were also relatively few significant differences in intakes between ex-smokers and never smokers.…”

“…3 Consistent with the results of this meta-analysis, smokers have also reported consuming fewer fruits and vegetables than nonsmokers in many studies. 1,5,6,8,9,11,12,15,16,18,20,24,27,28,[34][35][36]41,42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] While the associations of smoking with nutrient intakes and consumption of specific foods have been examined in samples from several countries, most reports have been on samples from the United States (US), [1][2][3][4]7,8,10,30,32,33,35,36,[41][42][43][44][46][47][48]54,56 United Kingdom (UK), …”