Effects of Smoking on the Auditory System: Is There a Gender Difference?

Demir, Emine; Çeliker, Metin; Afacan, Nazife Nur; Aydogan, Elif; Balaban, Gokce Aydin; Erdivanlı, Özlem Çelebi; Dursun, Engin

doi:10.1177/0145561319872166

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Only 2% of the women in the study (based in China) smoked, however, likely reducing the statistical power to detect significant results in women ( Wang et al 2021 ). In contrast, Demir et al found that hearing loss may occur at lower rates of smoking (measured in lifetime pack-years) in women than in men ( Demir et al 2019 ). The findings of our study are in contrast to a large meta-analysis that demonstrated that the relative risk of current smoking (versus not smoking) on coronary heart disease was 25% higher for women than men ( Huxley & Woodward 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Associations Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Audiometric Hearing: Findings From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

et al. 2023

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Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine, among a population-based sample of Canadian adults, if risk factors for cardiovascular disease (alone and in combination) were associated with hearing loss. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations (the latter with about 3 years of follow-up) were examined. Risk factors considered included diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. We also aimed to determine if associations were modified by sex and age group (45 to 54, 55 to 64, 65 to 74, and 75 to 86 years old at baseline). Design: A secondary analysis of data collected for the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging was performed. Data were collected in two waves, the first between 2012 and 2015, and the second between 2015 and 2018. Hearing was measured using screening air-conduction pure-tone audiometry. The outcome of interest was defined as the mid-frequency (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz) pure-tone average for both ears. Diabetes was defined based on self-reported physician diagnosis, use of diabetes medications, or a hemoglobin A1c level ≥6.5%. Dyslipidemia was determined by blood lipid profile as defined using the Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥3.5 mmol/L or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥4.3 mmol/L). Hypertension was determined by self-reported physician diagnosis or an average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or an average diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Obesity was defined as a waist-to-height ratio ≥0.6. Smoking history was determined by self-report (current/former/never-smoker). Two composite measures of cardiovascular risk were also constructed: a count of the number of risk factors and a general cardiovascular risk profile (Framingham) score. Independent associations between risk factors for cardiovascular disease and hearing were determined using multivariable regression models. Survey weights were incorporated into the analyses. All results were disaggregated by sex. Effect modification according to age was determined using multiplicative interaction terms between the age group and each of the risk factor variables. A complete case (listwise deletion) approach was performed for the primary analysis. We then repeated the multivariable regression analyses using multiple imputation using chained equations to determine if the different approaches to dealing with missing data qualitatively changed the outcomes. Results: In longitudinal analyses, hypertension and the general cardiovascular risk profile score were associated with greater loss of hearing over the 3-year follow-up period for both sexes. In addition, smoking in males and obesity in females were associated with faster rates of hearing decline. In cross-sectional analyses, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and composite measures were each independently associated with worse hearing for both sexes (although for females, obesity was only associated with hearing loss in the 55 to 64-year-old age group). The results were similar for the complete case and multiple imputation approaches, but more cross-sectional associations were observed using multiple imputation. Conclusions: Diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and smoking were associated with hearing loss. Higher combinations of risk factors increased the risk of hearing loss. Further studies are needed to confirm age and sex differences and whether interventions to address these risk factors could slow the progression of hearing loss in older adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Associations Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Audiometric Hearing: Findings From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

et al. 2023

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COPD and 20-year hearing decline: The HUNT cohort study

Aarhus¹,

Sand²,

Engdahl³

2023

Respiratory Medicine

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Normative Data of Extended High Frequency Audiometry in Normal Hearing Subjects with Different Aged Groups

Luengrungrus,

Thanawirattananit,

Teeramatwanich

2024

Audiology Research

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Background/Objectives: Conventional audiometry assesses hearing in the frequency range of 250–8000 Hz, while humans can detect sounds from 20 to 20,000 Hz. Hearing sensitivity above 8000 Hz can be assessed through “Extended high-frequency audiometry (EHFA)”, which is useful for early detection and monitoring of hearing loss and counseling for tinnitus patients. Despite its usefulness, age significantly affects hearing sensitivity. Currently, there are no standard hearing thresholds in the EHF range categorized by age groups in Thailand. In this study, the aim was to determine normative EHFA data across different age groups in a healthy Thai population. Methods: This study included 134 participants aged 18–70 years, categorized into five age groups. All participants had normal hearing thresholds and type A tympanograms bilaterally. Following this, EHFA measurement was performed. Results: Across all age groups, there was an observed increase in median hearing thresholds as age increased. In comparison, no significant difference in median hearing thresholds was found between individuals aged 18–30 and >30–40 years. However, those over 40 years had significantly higher median thresholds across all frequencies compared to those under 40 years (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, we propose two new subgroups of 18–40 years and >40–70 years. Median hearing thresholds for those aged 18–40 was ≤20 dB HL across most frequencies, except at 16,000 Hz (30 dB HL). In the >40–70 age group, thresholds ranged from 20 dB HL at 9000 Hz to 70 dB HL at 14,000 and 16,000 Hz. However, no significant differences were found in hearing thresholds between sexes and ear sides. Conclusions: In this study, normative EHFA data were established for healthy Thai adults, appropriately divided into two groups (18–40 and >40–70 years) for clinical use. Further studies with more participants per age group are also needed to validate the results.

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Effects of Smoking on the Auditory System: Is There a Gender Difference?

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Associations Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Audiometric Hearing: Findings From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Associations Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Audiometric Hearing: Findings From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

COPD and 20-year hearing decline: The HUNT cohort study

Normative Data of Extended High Frequency Audiometry in Normal Hearing Subjects with Different Aged Groups

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