Effects of soap-water wash on human epidermal penetration

Zhu, Hong; Jung, Euiseok; Phuong, Christina; Hui, Xiaoying; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1002/jat.3370

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Among persons with OCD there were no significant differences regarding hand and leg localization between genders, whereas women had a significantly higher frequency of face dermatitis than men. We do not know if the use of cosmetics may have retained allergens increasing their sensitization effects; however, it is well known that the use of detergents can influence skin absorption of some chemicals 60 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational contact dermatitis in Triveneto: Analysis of patch test data of the North Eastern Italian Database from 1996 to 2016

et al. 2020

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Background: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is frequent in the workplace.Objectives: To provide recent data on the epidemiology of OCD in Italy.Methods: This multicenter retrospective study, conducted from 1996 to 2016, included patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) patch tested in the departments comprising the North-East Italy Contact Dermatitis Group.Results: We studied 18 859 workers with a diagnosis of contact dermatitis (CD), of which 10.4% were recognized as being of professional origin. OCD declined from 1996 to 2011-2013 and increased in 2014-2016. The overall prevalence of both CD and OCD was higher in women compared to men, but the share of OCD of the total CD was greater for men compared to women. A history of atopic dermatitis was less frequent in workers with OCD than in non-OCD patients (5.8% vs 8.6%). Hairdressers were the youngest profession (27.1 ± 11.7 years). Hands were the primary site of involvement in patients with OCD (76.6%). The five highest risk occupations for OCD were hairdressers, cooks, metalworkers, chemical industry workers, and construction workers. Conclusions:OCDs have a relevant impact in our region, mainly for five job categories, and the increase in the last 3 years suggests the need to improve preventive measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational contact dermatitis in Triveneto: Analysis of patch test data of the North Eastern Italian Database from 1996 to 2016

et al. 2020

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“…It should also be noted that for methyl salicylate, a temporary increase in penetration rate was observed directly following the washing procedure and a similar effect was observed for 2-butoxyethanol but only after washing with soapy water. This effect might be due to increased skin permeability induced by washing with water and soap, as previously described for other chemical compounds [55][56][57] . The underlying mechanisms of this "wash-in" effect are likely tissue hydration and eventually soap may enhance "wash-in" of substances by surfactant effects and pH changes [55][56][57] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Decontamination efficacy of soapy water and water washing following exposure of toxic chemicals on human skin

Forsberg

Öberg

Artursson

et al. 2020

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology

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Aim of the study: Following exposure to toxic chemicals, skin uptake is a potential route of intoxication. Therefore, efficient methods for rapid skin decontamination to mitigate systemic effects are of utmost importance. In operational guidelines, skin decontamination is recommended to be performed by dry absorption and washing with water or soapy water. In the present study, evaluation of decontamination efficacy using water or soapy water was performed for five chemicals, three toxic industrial chemicals and two simulants for chemical warfare agents. Materials and methods: Decontamination was initiated at time points 5, 15, 45 and 120 min after exposure in order to evaluate the time window for efficient decontamination. Experiments were conducted utilizing an in vitro skin penetration model to allow exposure of toxic chemicals on human skin. Results: For all test substances, it was clearly demonstrated that decontamination had greater efficacy when initiated at the earliest time-point while decontamination after 120 min was less efficient. Adding soap to the water showed no significant improvement for any of the tested substances. Conclusion: These results are of reledvance for the development of efficient operational decontamination procedures.

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“…Yet, the water with detergent wash may enhance agent transport through garments to skin (Chang, Ciegler, & Crochet, ). After soap–water wash decontamination, considerable chemical mass remained in the epidermis and caused a wash‐in chemical effect, which could be accelerated by increasing SC water content (Zhu, Jung, Phoung, Hui, & Maibach, ). Although soap wash may cause wash‐in effect, it does not apply to all chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding affinity and decontamination of dermal decontamination gel to model chemical warfare agent simulants

Cao

Elmahdy

Zhu

et al. 2018

J of Applied Toxicology

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Six chemical warfare agent simulants (trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl adipate, 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide, diethyl adipate, chloroethyl phenyl sulfide and diethyl sebacate) were studied in in vitro human skin to explore relationship between dermal penetration/absorption and the mechanisms of simulant partitioning between stratum corneum (SC) and water as well as between dermal decontamination gel (DDGel) and water. Both binding affinity to and decontamination of simulants using DDGel were studied. Partition coefficients of six simulants between SC and water (Log P ) and between DDGel and water (Log P ) were determined. Results showed that DDGel has a similar or higher binding affinity to each simulant compared to SC. The relationship between Log P octanol/water and Log P as well as between Log P octanol/water and Log P demonstrated that partition coefficient of simulants correlated to their lipophilicity or hydrophilicity. Decontamination efficiency results with DDGel for these simulants were consistent with binding affinity results. Amounts of percentage dose of chemicals in DDGel of trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl adipate, 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide, diethyl adipate, chloroethyl phenyl sulfide and diethyl sebacate were determined to be 61.15, 85.67, 75.91, 53.53, 89.89 and 76.58, with corresponding amounts absorbed in skin of 0.96, 0.65, 1.68, 0.72, 0.57 and 1.38, respectively. In vitro skin decontamination experiments coupled with a dermal absorption study demonstrated that DDGel can efficiently remove chemicals from skin surface, back-extract from the SC, and significantly reduced chemical penetration into skin or systemic absorption for all six simulants tested. Therefore, DDGel offers a great potential as a NextGen skin Decon platform technology for both military and civilian use.

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Effects of soap-water wash on human epidermal penetration

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Occupational contact dermatitis in Triveneto: Analysis of patch test data of the North Eastern Italian Database from 1996 to 2016

Occupational contact dermatitis in Triveneto: Analysis of patch test data of the North Eastern Italian Database from 1996 to 2016

Decontamination efficacy of soapy water and water washing following exposure of toxic chemicals on human skin

Binding affinity and decontamination of dermal decontamination gel to model chemical warfare agent simulants

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