Effects of some natural products from fungal and herbal sources on Giardia lamblia in vivo

Abstract

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is the most widely known protozoan parasite that causes human gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Some natural compounds exhibited pivotal effects against different infectious diseases. In this research, the antigiardial activity and cytotoxicity of fungal chitosan, nano-chitosan, Rhamnus cathartica (R. cathartica) and emodin were evaluated in Balb/c mice. Genotyping of G. lamblia was assessed by PCR-RFLP technique. Different concentrations of mentioned compounds were used to check their antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) after 24, 48 and 72 h. The G. lamblia strain used in the current work was genotyped and revealed as an AII assemblage. All the concentration showed acceptable activity against G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in comparison to the negative and positive controls (furazolidone and metronidazole) in vitro (P < 0.05). Giardia lamblia cysts were susceptible after treatment in all experiments in vivo in comparison to negative control (P < 0.05). Approximately, in most of the concentration, nano-chitosan and emodin were more effective than chitosan and R. cathartica, respectively (P < 0.05). The effects of exposure times in antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The maximum mortality rate (100%) was achieved at 100 and 50 µg kg−1 concentrations after 48 and 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Our results provide significant information about the new antigiardial agent and proposed the nano-chitosan and emodin for the development of new drugs against G. lamblia in the future.

Anticancer and Antibacterial Effect of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, in Vitro

“…After the incubation time, the supernatant was removed and 100 μL of DMSO was added. Finally, we measured the absorbance at 570 nm (20 This increase is dependent on concentration and time, and with the increase in the concentration and treatment time in both cell lines, the cell viability decreases. Additionally, the results revealed the greater sensitivity of the cancer cells to the extract.…”

“…To assess the effects of this drug, viability tests are usually used. To evaluate the toxicity and liver enzymes, such as ASL, ALT and ALP, cell culture is normally used(5, [15][16][17]. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of E. camaldulensis hydroalcoholic extract on the human lung cancer cell line and analyze its antibacterial and antiviral properties.…”

Artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers

“…J774 cell lines (2 × 10 4 cells) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. In order to remove the unattached cells, the supernatants were removed and replaced with fresh RPMI 1640 medium containing 100 μL of 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL of ART, NLCs, ART-NLCs, and AMB and then incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 for 24 and 48 h. Untreated cells were chosen as the negative control. The cell viability and cell cytotoxicity were determined by MTT colorimetric test ( 26 )and was calculated using the equations below:…”

Applying Nanoparticles for Treating Giardia Infection: A Systematic Review

“…In addition, Chabra et al (2019) reported that chitosan and nanochitosan at the concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 µg/ml significantly reduced the G. lamblia trophozoite, ranging from 89 to 100, after 3 h exposure in vitro. The findings also showed that the oral administration of chitosan and nano-chitosan at the dose of 100 µg/kg significantly reduced the mean percentage of excreted cysts up to 10 times in the infected BALB/C mice G. lamblia [14].…”