Effects of sources and meteorology on particulate matter in the Western Mediterranean Basin: An overview of the DAURE campaign

Pandolfi, M.; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Jimenez, José L.; Jorba, Oriol; Day, Douglas A.; Ortega, A. M.; Cubison, M. J.; Comerón, Adolfo; Sicard, Michaël; Mohr, Claudia; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Minguillón, María Cruz; Pey, Jorge; Baldasano, J. M.; Burkhart, John F.; Seco, Roger; Peñuelas, Josep; Drooge, Barend L. van; Artı́ñano, Begoña; Marco, Chiara Di; Nemitz, E.; Schallhart, Simon; Metzger, Axel; Hansel, Armin; Lorente, J.; Ng, Siu Kin; Jayne, John T.; Szidat, Sönke

doi:10.1002/2013jd021079

Cited by 65 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Such scenarios are characterized by anticyclonic conditions which favour the accumulation of pollutants close to the emission sources, and the subsequent transport of pollutants towards the station with the daily increase in the PBL. Pandolfi et al (2014b) and Pey et al (2010) reported high nitrate concentrations during these atmospheric conditions at MSY, in agreement with the increased contributions of secondary nitrate shown in Fig. 3b during this time of the year.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Source Contributions To Pm 10supporting

confidence: 86%

“…Moreover, the reduced contribution from the PBL in winter due to frequent thermal inversions also contributed to the relatively low PM 10 mass concentration observed at MSY, and especially at MSA (Pandolfi et al, 2014a). The PM 10 concentration peak observed in February and March at MSY is remarkable and might be attributed to the winter regional pollution episodes typical of the WMB (Pandolfi et al, 2014b). Such scenarios are characterized by anticyclonic conditions which favour the accumulation of pollutants close to the emission sources, and the subsequent transport of pollutants towards the station with the daily increase in the PBL.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Source Contributions To Pm 10mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Impact of aerosol particle sources on optical properties in urban, regional and remote areas in the north-western Mediterranean

Ealo

Alastuey

Pérez³

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Further research is needed to reduce the existing uncertainties on the effect that specific aerosol particle sources have on light extinction and consequently on climate. This study presents a new approach that aims to quantify the mass scattering and absorption efficiencies (MSEs and MAEs) of different aerosol sources at urban (Barcelona – BCN), regional (Montseny – MSY) and remote (Montsec – MSA) background sites in the north-western (NW) Mediterranean. An analysis of source apportionment to the measured multi-wavelength light scattering (σsp) and absorption (σap) coefficients was performed by means of a multilinear regression (MLR) model for the periods 2009–2014, 2010–2014 and 2011–2014 at BCN, MSY and MSA respectively. The source contributions to PM10 mass concentration, identified by means of the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, were used as dependent variables in the MLR model. With this approach we addressed both the effect that aerosol sources have on air quality and their potential effect on light extinction through the determination of their MSEs and MAEs. An advantage of the presented approach is that the calculated MSEs and MAEs take into account the internal mixing of atmospheric particles. Seven aerosol sources were identified at MSA and MSY, and eight sources at BCN. Mineral, aged marine, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and V-Ni bearing sources were common at the three sites. Traffic, industrial/metallurgy and road dust resuspension sources were isolated at BCN, whereas mixed industrial/traffic and aged organics sources were identified at MSY and MSA. The highest MSEs were observed for secondary sulfate (4.5 and 10.7 m2 g−1, at MSY and MSA), secondary nitrate (8.8 and 7.8 m2 g−1) and V-Ni bearing source (8 and 3.5 m2 g−1). These sources dominated the scattering throughout the year with marked seasonal trends. The V-Ni bearing source, originating mainly from shipping in the area under study, simultaneously contributed to both σsp and σap, being the second most efficient light-absorbing source in BCN (MAE = 0.9 m2 g−1). The traffic source at BCN and the industrial/traffic at MSY exhibited the highest MAEs (1.7 and 0.9 m2 g−1). These sources were major contributors to σap at BCN and MSY; however at MSA, secondary nitrate exerted the highest influence on σap (MAE = 0.4 m2 g−1). The sources which were predominantly composed of fine and relatively dark particles, such as industrial/traffic, aged organics and V-Ni, were simultaneously characterized by low single scattering albedo (SSA) and a high scattering Ångström exponent (SAE). Conversely, mineral and aged marine showed the lowest SAE and the highest SSA, being scattering the dominant process in the light extinction. The good agreement found between modelled and measured particle optical properties allowed the reconstruction of σsp and σap long-term series over the period 2004–2014 at MSY. Significant decreasing trends were found for the modelled σsp and σap (−4.6 and −4.1 % yr−1).

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Section: Seasonal Variation Of Source Contributions To Pm 10supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Source Contributions To Pm 10mentioning

confidence: 96%

Impact of aerosol particle sources on optical properties in urban, regional and remote areas in the north-western Mediterranean

Ealo

Alastuey

Pérez³

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Under these conditions the PBL height mostly determines the dilution of pollutants around the emission sources and the degree of pollution at more elevated/regional areas in the WMB (e.g. Jorba et al, 2013;Pandolfi et al, 2014). In summer, due to the intense and rapid solar heating of the lower atmospheric layers, convergence of surface winds from the coast to the central IP plateau injects polluted air into the middle troposphere up to 3.5-5 km (Millán et al, 1997;Pérez et al, 2004).…”

Section: Main Meteorological Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatology of aerosol optical properties and black carbon mass absorption cross section at a remote high-altitude site in the western Mediterranean Basin

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Aerosol light scattering (σ sp ), backscattering (σ bsp ) and absorption (σ ap ) were measured at Montsec (MSC; 42 • 3 N, 0 • 44 E, 1570 m a.s.l.), a remote highaltitude site in the western Mediterranean Basin. Mean (±SD) σ sp , σ bsp and σ ap were 18.9 ± 20.8, 2.6 ± 2.8 and 1.5 ± 1.4 Mm −1 , respectively at 635 nm during the period under study (June 2011-June 2013. Mean values of singlescattering albedo (SSA, 635 nm), the scattering Ångström exponent (SAE, 450-635 nm), backscatter-to-scatter ratio (B / S, 635 nm), asymmetry parameter (g, 635 nm), black carbon mass absorption cross section (MAC, 637 nm) and PM 2.5 mass scattering cross section (MSCS, 635 nm) were 0.92 ± 0.03, 1.56 ± 0.88, 0.16 ± 0.09, 0.53 ± 0.16, 10.9 ± 3.5 m 2 g −1 and 2.5 ± 1.3 m 2 g −1 , respectively. The scattering measurements performed at MSC were in the medium/upper range of values reported by for other mountaintop sites in Europe due to the frequent regional recirculation scenarios (SREG) and Saharan dust episodes (NAF) occurring mostly in spring/summer and causing the presence of polluted layers at the MSC altitude. However, the development of upslope winds and the possible presence of planetary boundary layer air at MSC altitude in summer may also have contributed to the high scattering observed. Under these summer conditions no clear diurnal cycles were observed for the measured extensive aerosol optical properties (σ sp , σ bsp and σ ap ). Conversely, low σ sp and σ ap at MSC were measured during Atlantic advections (AA) and winter regional anticyclonic episodes (WREG) typically observed during the cold season in the western Mediterranean. Therefore, a season-dependent decrease in the magnitude of aerosol extensive properties was observed when MSC was in the free troposphere, with the highest free-troposphere vs. all-data difference observed in winter and the lowest in spring/summer. The location of MSC station allowed for a reliable characterization of aerosols as a function of the main synoptic meteorological patterns. The SAE was the lowest during NAF and showed an inverse correlation with the outbreak intensity, indicating a progressive shift toward larger particles. Moreover, the strength of NAF episodes in the region led to a slope of the scattering vs. absorption relationship among the lowest reported for other mountaintop sites worldwide, indicating that MSC was dominated by dust aerosols at high aerosol loading. As a consequence, SSA showed a nearly monotonic increase with increasing particle concentration and scattering. The SAE was the highest during SREG, indicating the presence of polluted layers dominated by smaller particles. Correspondingly, the asymmetry parameter was lower under SREG compared with NAF. The MAC and MSCS were significantly higher during NAF and SREG compared to AA and WREG, indicating an increase of absorption and scattering efficiencies associated with the summer polluted scenarios. The optical measurements performed at the MSC remote site were compared with those simultaneously performed...

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“…Over this region, arrival of natural and anthropogenic aerosols as a result of long-range transport from Africa and Europe is frequent (e.g., Pey et al, 2013;Querol et al, 2009;Ripoll et al, 2014;Rodríguez et al, 2001) and accumulation and recirculation processes are frequently observed (Rodriguez et al, 2002). The sources and meteorological controls of PM in the regional background of the WMB have been recently investigated during the DAURE (Determination of the sources of atmospheric Aerosols in Urban and Rural Environments in the western Mediterranean) study (Pandolfi et al, 2014a) using an AMS and 14 C analyses (Crippa et al, 2014;. Furthermore, Ripoll et al (2015) studied the PM 1 and PM 10 chemical composition with daily time resolution in the continental and regional background environments in the WMB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term real-time chemical characterization of submicron aerosols at Montsec (southern Pyrenees, 1570 m a.s.l.)

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Real-time measurements of inorganic (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon (BC)) and organic submicron aerosols (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 1 µm) from a continental background site (Montsec, MSC, 1570 m a.s.l.) in the western Mediterranean Basin (WMB) were conducted for 10 months (July 2011-April 2012). An aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was co-located with other online and offline PM 1 measurements. Analyses of the hourly, diurnal, and seasonal variations are presented here, for the first time, for this region.Seasonal trends in PM 1 components are attributed to variations in evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, air mass origin, and meteorological conditions. In summer, the higher temperature and solar radiation increases convection, enhancing the growth of the PBL and the transport of anthropogenic pollutants towards high altitude sites. Furthermore, the regional recirculation of air masses over the WMB creates a continuous increase in the background concentrations of PM 1 components and causes the formation of reservoir layers at relatively high altitudes. The combination of all these atmospheric processes results in a high variability of PM 1 components, with poorly defined daily patterns, except for the organic aerosols (OA). OA was mostly composed (up to 90 %) of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), split in two types: semivolatile (SV-OOA) and low-volatility (LV-OOA), the rest being hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA). The marked diurnal cycles of OA components regardless of the air mass origin indicates that they are not only associated with anthropogenic and long-range-transported secondary OA (SOA) but also with recently produced biogenic SOA.Very different conditions drive the aerosol phenomenology in winter at MSC. The thermal inversions and the lower vertical development of the PBL leave MSC in the free troposphere most of the day, being affected by PBL air masses only after midday, when the mountain breezes transport emissions from the adjacent valleys and plains to the top of the mountain. This results in clear diurnal patterns of both organic and inorganic concentrations. OA was also mainly composed (71 %) of OOA, with contributions from HOA (5 %) and biomass burning OA (BBOA; 24 %). Moreover, in winter sporadic long-range transport from mainland Europe is observed.The results obtained in the present study highlight the importance of SOA formation processes at a remote site such as MSC, especially in summer. Additional research is needed to characterize the sources and processes of SOA formation at remote sites.

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Effects of sources and meteorology on particulate matter in the Western Mediterranean Basin: An overview of the DAURE campaign

Cited by 65 publications

References 113 publications

Impact of aerosol particle sources on optical properties in urban, regional and remote areas in the north-western Mediterranean

Impact of aerosol particle sources on optical properties in urban, regional and remote areas in the north-western Mediterranean

Climatology of aerosol optical properties and black carbon mass absorption cross section at a remote high-altitude site in the western Mediterranean Basin

Long-term real-time chemical characterization of submicron aerosols at Montsec (southern Pyrenees, 1570 m a.s.l.)

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