Effects of Sprint Interval Training and Body Weight Reduction on Power to Weight Ratio in Experienced Cyclists

Lunn, William R.; Finn, Joan A.; Axtell, Robert S.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ab23be

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, it is important to note that the cyclist in study race for 24 h. The ability to maintain such high values was diminished by fatigue. Other studies presented higher values, but the competition times were lower in comparison with the current study ( 44 , 47 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

“…It is important to note that despite the cyclist having an increased body mass, the increase in power was proportionally greater, ensuring greater W/kg. Typically, the cyclists try to reduce the body mass and maintain the mean maximal P TOT intending to increase the power to weight ratio ( 43 , 44 ). At least one study presented the power to weight ratio in the Tour the France for 4 h of race ( 45 ) and the values were between 3.7 and 4.9 W/Kg for the years 2008–2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biophysical characterization of the first ultra-cyclist in the world to break the 1,000 km barrier in 24-h non-stop road cycling: A case report

Knechtle

Forte²,

Weiss³

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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A plethora of factors determine elite cycling performance. Those include training characteristics, pacing strategy, aerodynamics, nutritional habits, psychological traits, physical fitness level, body mass composition, and contextual features; even the slightest changes in any of these factors can be associated with performance improvement or deterioration. The aim of the present case report is to compare the performances of the same ultra-cyclist in achieving two world records (WR) in 24 h cycling. We have analyzed and compared the distance covered and speed for each WR. The 24 h period was split into four-time intervals (0–6 h; > 6–12 h; > 12–18 h; > 18–24 h), and we compared the differences in the distance covered and speed between the two WRs. For both WRs, a strong negative correlation between distance and speed was confirmed (r = –0.85; r = –0.89, for old and new WR, respectively). Differences in speed (km/h) were shown between the two WRs, with the most significant differences in 12–18 h (Δ = 6.50 km/h). For the covered distance in each block, the most significant differences were observed in the last part of the cycling (Δ = 38.54 km). The cyclist effective surface area (ACd) was 0.25 m2 less and 20% more drag in the new WR. Additionally, the mechanical power was 8%, the power to overcome drag was 31%, and the power-weight ratio was 8% higher in the new WR. The mechanical efficiency of the cyclist was 1% higher in the new WR. Finally, the heart rate (HR) presented significant differences for the first 6 h (Old WR: 145.80 ± 5.88 bpm; New WR: 139.45 ± 5.82 bpm) and between the 12 and 18 h time interval (Old WR: 133.19 ± 3.53 bpm; New WR: 137.63 ± 2.80 bpm). The marginal gains concept can explain the performance improvement in the new WR, given that the athlete made some improvements in technical specifications after the old WR.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical characterization of the first ultra-cyclist in the world to break the 1,000 km barrier in 24-h non-stop road cycling: A case report

Knechtle

Forte²,

Weiss³

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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“…The maximum power achieved in the last load step was considered in the evaluation. The performance of each subject was expressed as the power-to-weight ratio (PWR, given in watt/kg) that allows a relatively neutral comparison between subjects [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

et al. 2022

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Purpose There is abundant evidence on the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health. However, there are only few data on the acute effects of physical exercise on the retina and choroid. Our aim was the in vivo examination of chorioretinal alterations following short intense physical activity by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Twenty-one eyes of 21 healthy, young subjects (mean age 22.5 ± 4.1 years, 15 males and 6 females) were recruited. Macular scanning with a SD-OCT was performed before and following a vita maxima-type physical strain exercise on a rowing ergometer until complete fatigue. Follow-up OCT scans were performed 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes following the exercise. The OCT images were exported and analyzed using our custom-built OCTRIMA 3D software and the thickness of 7 retinal layers was calculated, along with semi-automated measurement of the choroidal thickness. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed followed by Dunnett post hoc test for the thickness change compared to baseline and the correlation between performance and thickness change has also been calculated. The level of significance was set at 0.001. Results We observed a significant thinning of the total retina 1 minute post-exercise (-7.3 ± 0.6 μm, p < 0.001) which was followed by a significant thickening by 5 and 15 minutes (+3.6 ± 0.6 μm and +4.0 ± 0.6 μm, respectively, both p <0.001). Post-exercise retinal thickness returned to baseline by 30 minutes. This trend was present throughout the most layers of the retina, with significant changes in the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer complex, (-1.3 ± 0.1 μm, +0.6 ± 0.1 μm and +0.7 ± 0.1 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for all), in the inner nuclear layer at 1 and 5 minutes (-0.8 ± 0.1 μm and +0.8 ± 0.1 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for both), in the outer nuclear layer–photoreceptor inner segment complex at 5 minute (+2.3 ± 0.4 μm, p <0.001 for all) and in the interdigitation zone–retinal pigment epithelium complex at 1 and 15 minutes (-3.3 ± 0.4 μm and +1.8 ± 0.4 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for both). There was no significant change in choroidal thickness; however, we could detect a tendency towards thinning at 1, 15, and 30 minutes following exercise. The observed changes in thickness change did not correlate with performance. Similar trends were observed in both professional and amateur sportsmen (n = 15 and n = 6, respectively). The absolute changes in choroidal thickness did not show any correlation with the thickness changes of the intraretinal layers. Conclusions Our study implies that in young adults, intense physical exercise has an acute effect on the granular layers of the retina, resulting in thinning followed by rebound thickening before normalization. We could not identify any clear correlation with either choroidal changes or performance that might explain our observations, and hence the exact mechanism warrants further clarification. We believe that a combination of vascular and mechanic changes is behind the observed trends.

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“…Strength and speed endurance training is becoming increasingly important for athletes' performance. In athletes showing great aerobic endurance, this type of training considerably increases the capacity to exercise at sub-maximal and maximal levels for a longer time and to handle the amount of interval work during competitions ( Billat, Slawinski, Bocquet, Demarle, Lafi tte, Chassaing, et al ., 2000 ;Millet, Candau, Fattori, Bignet, & Varray, 2003;Lunn, Finn, & Axtell, 2009 ;Wakefi eld & Glaister, 2009 ). The obtained results seem to confi rm the fi ndings of many authors pointing to increased body mass (particularly lean mass), not only among athletes in anaerobic sports such as alpine skiers ( Emeterio & Gonzalez-Badillo, 2010 ), but also among the representatives of endurance sports; for instance, cross-country skiers or biathletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations between BMI, Body Mass and Height, and Sports Competence among Participants of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games: Does Sport Metabolic Demand Differentiate?

et al. 2013

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This study characterizes the athletes participating in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in terms of body height, body mass and BMI. The studied sample consisted of athletes in the top 20 places of each of 14 sports disciplines (1460 cases). Data on the athletes' age, height, body mass, and sports specialization were obtained from the Olympic Games' official website and from the International Ski Federation. The sampled athletes were grouped according to the predominant type of energy metabolism during competition. The anaerobic-glycolytic disciplines, such as cross-country sprint, figure skating, short track, and speed skating (500, 1000 and 1500 m), were found to have the youngest female athletes: 25.0 yr. (SD = 4.7). In the endurance sports (aerobic and aerobic-anaerobic), the female athletes were the oldest, being respectively 28.6 yr. (SD = 4.9) and 28.1 yr. (SD = 4.5) old. In the speed disciplines (anaerobic-alactic), the female athletes were the tallest (M = 172 cm; SD = 8.3). The male athletes in the anaerobic-alactic sports were the tallest (M = 181.8 cm, SD = 6.7) and those in the anaerobic-glycolytic sports were the shortest (M = 179.2 cm, SD = 6.7). The large differences in body mass among the groups of athletes, which appear to be related to the predominant type of metabolism during competition, show that this parameter is partly correlated with the level of sports competence, but only in disciplines where the athletes need larger muscle mass. The largest average values of BMI were found for males and females in the anaerobic-alactic group.

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Effects of Sprint Interval Training and Body Weight Reduction on Power to Weight Ratio in Experienced Cyclists

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

Biophysical characterization of the first ultra-cyclist in the world to break the 1,000 km barrier in 24-h non-stop road cycling: A case report

Biophysical characterization of the first ultra-cyclist in the world to break the 1,000 km barrier in 24-h non-stop road cycling: A case report

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

Relations between BMI, Body Mass and Height, and Sports Competence among Participants of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games: Does Sport Metabolic Demand Differentiate?

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