Effects of Stem Density upon Sediment Retention by Salt Marsh Cord Grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel

Gleason, Mark L.; Elmer, Deborah A.; Pien, Natalie C.; Fisher, John S.

doi:10.2307/1351574

Cited by 165 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…High stem densities increase the retention of waterborne sand (Knutson, 19881, so the entrapment of eroded sediment within the vegetation contributed to the much smaller rates of erosion in the planted sections. Gleason et al (1979) found that waves transported sand into the vegetation, resulting in accumulation near the vegetation edge and the creation of steeper slopes. Seasonal patterns of sediment accretion and erosion in relation to vegetation development and storm events have been demonstrated in saltmarsh edges (Ranwell, 1964;Giroux and BCdard, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between waves, bank erosion and emergent vegetation: an experimental study in a wave tank

Coops

Geilen

Verheij³

et al. 1996

Aquatic Botany

129

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Emergent vegetation development, wave extinction and soil erosion are strongly interrelated processes in exposed riparian zones. The above-ground parts of the vegetation reduce wave energy, while the below-ground parts strengthen the soil. On the other hand, vegetation development may be restricted as a result of wave stress. Interactions between waves, soil erosion, and emergent vegetation were studied during three consecutive years. Two helophyte species, Phrugmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel and S&pus lucustris L., were planted in separate bank sections on two types of sediment, sand and silty sand, in a wave tank. Regular waves were transmitted through 4 m wide bank sections with and without helophytes growing on a horizontal part. Bank profiles, wave transmission patterns and vegetation parameters were measured after exposure to waves with a height of 10 cm (Year 1) and 23 cm (Years 2 and 3). Both 10 cm and 23 cm waves affected bank profiles. Erosion of the banks occurred due to downslope transport of sediment. Soil erosion patterns closely reflected the patterns of standing waves over the horizontal part of the bank. Emergent vegetation influenced the erosive impact of waves by both sediment reinforcement and wave attenuation. A smaller amount of net erosion was measured in the wave-exposed sections covered by vegetation than in the unplanted sections. The stands of Scirpus lucustris were damaged due to uprooting of rhizome parts by 23 cm waves, followed by increased erosion of the soil. No damage occurred to the Phragntites australis stands. The greatest ' Cortespondiig author.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between waves, bank erosion and emergent vegetation: an experimental study in a wave tank

Coops

Geilen

Verheij³

et al. 1996

Aquatic Botany

129

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“…Vegetation aids in dissipating wave energy, allowing baffling and settling of sediment as it hits the individual stems (Christiansen et al, 2000). With increasing stem density, there is increased sediment deposition (Gleason, et al, 1979). Typically it follows that the greater the stem density, the slower the flow speeds, resulting in increased deposition ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Controls On Marsh Sediment Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Marsh Geomorphological AnalysesviaIntegration of Multitemporal Multispectral Remote Sensing with LIDAR and GIS

Millette

Argow

Marcano

et al. 2010

Journal of Coastal Research

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“…Filter feeders in and on seagrasses utilize suspended particles as food sources (Peterson et al 1984, Irlandi & Peterson 1991, Ambrose & Irlandi 1992, Judge et al 1993, Petersen et al 1997, with the quality and quantity of these particles varying over time, depending on the flow conditions (Fegley et al 1992). In addition to filter feeders, seagrasses provide habitats for fishes, invertebrates, and plankton, and are thought to stabilize sediments (Gleason et al 1979, Fonseca & Fisher 1986, Reusch & Chapman 1995. Two ways in which they can stabilize sediments are by damping waves (Fonseca & Cahalan 1992, Koch 1996, Verduin & Backhaus 2000 and reducing currents (Fonseca et al 1983, Gambi et al 1990) below the canopies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow and particle distributions in a nearshore seagrass meadow before and after a storm

Granata¹,

Serra²,

Colomer³

et al. 2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

135

105

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Fine-scale spatial effects of a seagrass meadow on suspended particle transport were assessed from current speeds, orbital wave velocities, turbulent Reynolds stress, in situ particle concentrations, and sedimentation rates for a horizontal grid in a coastal seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow at 2 depths and during low-and high-energy periods. For the low-energy period, the vertical reduction of the total kinetic energy, from 100 cm to ≈10 cm above the bottom, was larger in the meadow (up to 95%) than over the sand (35 to 75%). Velocity maps suggest that a recirculating flow formed in the meadow with a higher Reynolds stress at the edge of the meadow. Near the bed, concentrations of small particles (<10 µm diameter) were lower inside the meadow than over barren sand, while concentrations of large particles (>10 µm) were lower over the barren sand. For the period of stronger current and wave activity following a storm, nearbed turbulence and orbital wave velocity were elevated, though still lower inside the meadow than over the sand. For this high energy period, particle concentrations increased over the whole study area, but were still lowest deep inside the meadow. Overall, the horizontal spatial distribution of plants in the study area had a profound effect on the flow field and on vertical transport, even during the high-energy period. The reduced nearbed turbulence and lower sedimentation rate below the canopy confirms it as a calm zone with lower mixing compared to unvegetated areas. KEY WORDS: Seagrass meadow · Flow fields · Particle transportResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Effects of Stem Density upon Sediment Retention by Salt Marsh Cord Grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel

Cited by 165 publications

References 0 publications

Interactions between waves, bank erosion and emergent vegetation: an experimental study in a wave tank

Interactions between waves, bank erosion and emergent vegetation: an experimental study in a wave tank

Salt Marsh Geomorphological AnalysesviaIntegration of Multitemporal Multispectral Remote Sensing with LIDAR and GIS

Flow and particle distributions in a nearshore seagrass meadow before and after a storm

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