“…For example, the freezing disaster in southern China in 2008 paralyzed the power network, and the direct economic loss was over 150 billion RMB (Jin et al, 2022;Lv et al, 2014). Once the accumulated ice adhesive on the surfaces of aircraft wings, sensors, and other components, the aerodynamic performance, handling, and stability of the aircraft will be affected, and the flight safety of aircraft will be reduced (Caliskan and Hajiyev 2013;Douglass and Palacios, 2021). In cold regions, a mixture of ice, snow, and other materials adhered to the chassis component surfaces of high-speed trains affects the operational safety, service life of components, and comfort (Cai et al, 2021;Olofsson et al, 2015).…”