Effects of Strength Training on Running Economy in Highly Trained Runners: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials

Balsalobre-Fernández, Carlos; Santos-Concejero, Jordan; Grivas, Gerasimos V.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001316

Cited by 115 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…This lower relative intensity may not require the need to recruit higher threshold motor units, where the muscle energy cost is higher. This may be one of the explanations by which E run is improved following a period of strength training (Balsalobre-Fernandez et al, 2016; Berryman et al, 2017). However, any additional muscle mass that is not used during running results in essentially wasted energy, since carrying that mass will cost energy.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Erun That Are Altered By Trainingmentioning

confidence: 94%

Running Economy from a Muscle Energetics Perspective

2017

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The economy of running has traditionally been quantified from the mass-specific oxygen uptake; however, because fuel substrate usage varies with exercise intensity, it is more accurate to express running economy in units of metabolic energy. Fundamentally, the understanding of the major factors that influence the energy cost of running (Erun) can be obtained with this approach. Erun is determined by the energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Here, we approach the study of Erun from that perspective. The amount of energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on the force, duration, shortening, shortening velocity, and length of the muscle. These factors therefore dictate the energy cost of running. It is understood that some determinants of the energy cost of running are not trainable: environmental factors, surface characteristics, and certain anthropometric features. Other factors affecting Erun are altered by training: other anthropometric features, muscle and tendon properties, and running mechanics. Here, the key features that dictate the energy cost during distance running are reviewed in the context of skeletal muscle energetics.

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Section: Factors Affecting Erun That Are Altered By Trainingmentioning

confidence: 94%

Running Economy from a Muscle Energetics Perspective

2017

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“…Similar to previous studies with soccer players (36), time to exhaustion in the 20-m multistage shuttle run test was equally improved in both the PJT-B and PJT-A groups after plyometric training ( Table 3). The observed improvements in endurance due to plyometric training might have occurred due to neuromuscular-mediated changes in athletes' running efficiency (5,45), neuromechanical improvements (21) and increased tendon stiffness. This can allow a faster transfer of force from contracting muscles to moving bones via tendons (18), reducing reaction times (25) and positively affecting athletes' ability to change direction This is the first study to demonstrate that both PJT-B and PJT-A induced a greater (p<0.05) increase in 20-m multistage shuttle run test times compared to a control group (Table 3).…”

Section: ***mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequencing Effects of Plyometric Training Applied Before or After Regular Soccer Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Players

Ramírez‐Campillo

Álvarez

Gentil

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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To compare the effects of short-term (i.e., 7 week) plyometric training applied before (PJT-B) or after (PJT-A) soccer practice on components of physical fitness in young soccer players, a single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Post-pubertal boys aged 17.0±0.5 years were allocated to three groups: PJT-B (n=12), PJT-A (n=14), and control (CON; n=12). The outcome measures included tests to evaluate 20-m speed, standing long jump [SLJ], squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], and drop jump [DJ], 20-m multistage shuttle running speed [MSSRT], and Illinois change of direction speed [ICODT]. While the CON performed soccer-specific training, the PJT-A and PJT-B groups conducted the same soccer-specific sessions but replaced ∼11% of their time with plyometric training. The PJT-B group performed plyometric exercises after a warm-up program, and the PJT-A group conducted plyometric exercises ∼10 minutes after the completion of soccer training. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to detect differences between groups in all variables for pre- and post-training tests. Main effects of time (all p<.01; d=0.19-0.79) and group x time interactions (all p<.05; d=0.17-0.76) were observed for all examined variables. Post hoc analyses revealed significant increases in the PJT-B group (SLJ: 9.4%, d=1.7; CMJ: 11.2%, d=0.75; 20-m MSSRT: 9.0%, d=0.77) and the PJT-A group (SLJ: 3.1%, d=0.7; CMJ: 4.9%, d=0.27; 20-m MSSRT: 9.0%, d=0.76). Post hoc analyses also revealed significant increases in the PJT-B group (20-m speed: -7.4%, d=0.75; 20-cm DJ reactive strength index: 19.1%, d=1.4; SJ: 6.3%, d=0.44; ICODT results: -4.2%, d=1.1). In general, our study revealed that plyometric training is effective in improving measures of physical fitness in young male soccer players when combined with regular soccer training. More specifically, larger training induced effects on physical fitness were registered if plyometric training was conducted prior to soccer specific training.

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“…Numerous studies have explored the influence of chronic (ranging from 4 to 14 weeks) plyometric and/or resistance training interventions on RE and running performance (Spurrs et al, 2003;Guglielmo et al, 2009;Berryman et al, 2010). Balsalobre-Fernández et al (2016) suggested it is optimal and practical for highly trained endurance athletes to perform 8-12 weeks' low to high intensity resistance and plyometric training, with a frequency of 2-3 sessions per week, for the purpose of enhancing RE. In contrast, few studies have explored the acute effects of plyometric and resistance warm-up protocols on RE in healthy adults and endurance athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Plyometric Warm-Up Protocol Improves Running Economy in Recreational Endurance Athletes

Wei

Duncan

et al. 2020

Front. Physiol.

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This study explored the impact of two differing warm-up protocols (involving either resistance exercises or plyometric exercises) on running economy (RE) in healthy recreationally active participants. Twelve healthy university students [three males, nine females, age 20 ± 2 years, maximal oxygen uptake (38.4 ± 6.4 ml min −1 kg −1)] who performed less than 5 h per week of endurance exercise volunteered to participant in this study. All participants completed three different warm-up protocols (control, plyometric, and resistance warm-up) in a counterbalanced crossover design with trials separated by 48 h, using a Latin-square arrangement. Dependent variables measured in this study were RE at four running velocities (7, 8, 9, and 10 km h −1), maximal oxygen uptake; heart rate; respiratory exchange rate; expired ventilation; perceived race readiness; rating of perceived exertion, time to exhaustion and leg stiffness. The primary finding of this study was that the plyometric warm-up improved RE compared to the control warm-up (6.2% at 7 km h −1 , ES = 0.355, 9.1% at 8 km h −1 , ES = 0.513, 4.5% at 9 km h −1 , ES = 0.346, and 4.4% at 10 km h −1 , ES = 0.463). There was no statistically significant difference in VO 2 between control and resistance warm-up conditions at any velocity. There were also no statistically significant differences between conditions in other metabolic and pulmonary gas exchange variables; time to exhaustion; perceived race readiness and maximal oxygen uptake. However, leg stiffness increased by 20% (P = 0.039, ES = 0.90) following the plyometric warm-up and was correlated with the improved RE at a velocity of 8 km h −1 (r = 0.475, P = 0.041). No significant differences in RE were found between the control and resistance warm-up protocols. In comparison with the control warm-up protocol, an acute plyometric warm-up protocol can improve RE in healthy adults.

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Effects of Strength Training on Running Economy in Highly Trained Runners: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials

Cited by 115 publications

References 50 publications

Running Economy from a Muscle Energetics Perspective

Running Economy from a Muscle Energetics Perspective

Sequencing Effects of Plyometric Training Applied Before or After Regular Soccer Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Players

A Plyometric Warm-Up Protocol Improves Running Economy in Recreational Endurance Athletes

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