Effects of submaximal and supramaximal interval training on determinants of endurance performance in endurance athletes

The effect that cardiorespiratory fitness has on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity during changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains equivocal. Using a multiple‐metrics approach, challenging MAP across the spectrum of physiological extremes (i.e., spontaneous through forced MAP oscillations), we characterized dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in 19 male endurance athletes and eight controls via three methods: (1) onset of regulation (i.e., time delay before an increase in middle cerebral artery (MCA) conductance [MCA blood velocity (MCAv)/MAP] and rate of regulation, after transient hypotension induced by sit‐to‐stand, and transfer function analysis (TFA) of MAP and MCAv responses during (2) spontaneous and (3) forced oscillations (5‐min of squat‐stand maneuvers performed at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Reductions in MAP and mean MCAv (MCAV mean) during initial orthostatic stress (0‐30 sec after sit‐to‐stand) and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension were also determined. Onset of regulation was delayed after sit‐to‐stand in athletes (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.5 ± 1.0 sec; P = 0.03), but rate of regulation was not different between groups (0.24 ± 0.05 vs. 0.21 ± 0.09 sec−1; P = 0.82). While both groups had comparable TFA metrics during spontaneous oscillations, athletes had higher TFA gain during 0.10 Hz squat‐stand versus recreational controls (P = 0.01). Reductions in MAP (P = 0.15) and MCAV mean (P = 0.11) during orthostatic stress and the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension (P = 0.65) were comparable between groups. These results indicate an intact ability of the cerebral vasculature to react to spontaneous oscillations but an attenuated capability to counter rapid and large changes in MAP in individuals with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness.

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“…For more detail and interpretation of these results on gas exchange analysis during this maximal cycling protocol, refer to Paquette et al. ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Maximal V O 2 was defined as the highest 30-sec averaged V O 2 , concurrent with a RER ≥ 1.15. For more detail and interpretation of these results on gas exchange analysis during this maximal cycling protocol, refer to Paquette et al (2017).…”

Section: Maximal Oxygen Consumption (V̇o 2max )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness

Labrecque

Rahimaly

Imhoff

et al. 2017

Physiological Reports

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“…VO2max was defined as the highest 30 s averaged VO2 concurrent with a RER ³ 1.15 (Paquette et al, 2017).…”

Section: Maximal Oxygen Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac remodeling after six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion in endurance-trained males

Mahjoub

Blanc

Paquette

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Keywords: high-intensity interval training, endurance-trained individuals, ambulatory blood pressure, left atrium, right ventricle Table of contents category: CardiovascularRunning title: High-intensity exercise training and the heart Key points:• High-intensity interval training improves physical performance of endurance athletes, although studies examining its cardiovascular effects are sparse.• We evaluated the impact of submaximal (85% maximal aerobic power) and supramaximal (115% maximal aerobic power) high-intensity interval training on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac cavities size and function in endurance-trained adults.• Irrespective of training intensity, six weeks of high-intensity interval training increase left atrial volumes in endurance-trained adults, whereas the submaximal training decreases right ventricular systolic function.• These results may help identify the exercise threshold for potential toxicity of intense exercise training for at-risk individuals and ideal exercise training regimens conferring optimal cardiovascular protection and adapted endurance training for athletes. ABSTRACTHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves physical performance of endurance athletes, although studies examining its cardiovascular effects are sparse. We evaluated the impact of HIIT on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac cavities size and function in endurance-trained adults. Seventeen endurance-trained males underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and Doppler echocardiography at baseline and after 6 weeks of HIIT.Participants were divided in 2 groups (85% maximal aerobic power (MP); HIIT85, n=8 and 115% MP; HIIT115 , n = 9) in order to compare the impact of different HIIT intensities. ABPM and cardiac chambers size and function were similar between groups at baseline. HIIT reduced heart rate (55 ± 8 vs. 51 ± 7 bpm; p= 0.003), systolic blood pressure (SBP; 121 ± 11 vs 118 ± 9 mmHg; p = 0.01), mean arterial pressure (MAP; 90 ± 8 vs 89 ± 6 mmHg; p = 0.03) and pulse pressure (52 ± 6 vs 49 ± 5 mmHg; p = 0.01), irrespective of training intensity. Left atrium (LA) volumes increased after HIIT (maximal: 50 ± 14 vs 54 ±14 ml; p= 0.02; minimal: 15 ± 5 vs 20 ± 8 ml; p = 0.01) in both groups. Right ventricle (RV) global longitudinal strain lowered after training in the HIIT85 group only (20 ± 4 vs. 17 ± 3%, p = 0.04). In endurance-trained males, six weeks of HIIT reduce SBP and MAP and increase LA volumes irrespective of training intensity, whereas submaximal HIIT deteriorates RV systolic function.

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“…All participants were free from any diagnosed medical conditions. A variety of endurance sports were undertaken by the participants including road cycling (n = 9), triathlon (n = 7), mountain biking (n = 2) and cross-country skiing (n = 1) (29).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different HIIT protocols are used by athletes, such as submaximal training below maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), training at VO2max and supramaximal training (power output above VO2max). Our research group compared two of these HIIT protocols, and recently reported that endurance-trained men performing 6 weeks of submaximal (85% maximal aerobic power) and supramaximal (115% maximal aerobic power) HIIT to exhaustion improve significantly VO2max and anaerobic power irrespective of training intensity (29). However, the knowledge about concurrent cerebrovascular adaptations specific to HIIT conducted at different training intensities remains limited in healthy humans (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation of endurance-trained men following 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion

Drapeau

Labrecque

Imhoff

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Elevated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with reduced dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), but the impact of exercise training per se on dCA remains equivocal.In addition, resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and dCA after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in individuals with already high CRF is unknown. We examined to what extent 6 weeks of HIIT affect resting CBF and dCA in cardiorespiratory fit men and explored if potential changes are intensity-dependent. Endurance-trained men were assigned to group HIIT85 (85% of maximal aerobic power, 1 to 7 min effort bouts, n = 8) and HIIT115 (115% of maximal aerobic power, 30 s to 1 min effort bouts, n = 9). Training sessions were completed until exhaustion 3 times/week over 6 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAvmean) were measured continuously at rest and during repeated squat-stands (0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Transfer function analysis (TFA) was used to characterize dCA on driven blood pressure oscillations during repeated squat-stands. Neither training nor intensity had an effect on resting MAP and MCAvmean (both P > 0.05). TFA phase during 0.10 Hz squat-stands decreased after HIIT irrespective of intensity (HIIT85 : 0.77 ± 0.22 vs. 0.67 ± 0.18 radians; HIIT115: pre: 0.62 ± 0.19 vs. post: 0.59 ± 0.13 radians, time effect P = 0.048). These results suggest that HIIT over 6 weeks have no apparent benefits on resting CBF, but a subtle attenuation in dCA is seen posttraining irrespective of intensity training in endurance-trained men.

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Effects of submaximal and supramaximal interval training on determinants of endurance performance in endurance athletes

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness

Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness

Cardiac remodeling after six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion in endurance-trained males

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation of endurance-trained men following 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion

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