Effects of submaximal cycling and long-term endurance training on neutrophil phagocytic activity in middle aged men.

Blannin, Andrew K.; Chatwin, L J; Cave, R.J.; Gleeson, Michael

doi:10.1136/bjsm.30.2.125

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This agrees with the few previous investigations performed on sedentary people (Ortega et al 1993;Blannin et al 1996). This phagocytic stimulation was maintained throughout the following day.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Norepinephrine as mediator in the stimulation of phagocytosis induced by moderate exercise

et al. 2004

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During intensive exercise the stimulation of phagocytosis is mediated by "stress hormones". During moderate exercise, however, such mediation is less clear. The influence of moderate exercise (45 min at 55% maximal oxygen uptake) on the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils was evaluated in sedentary men. The exercise stimulated phagocytosis of Candida albicans, and the stimulation was maintained for at least 24 h. The possible neuroendocrine mediators were then investigated. Stimulation of phagocytosis was found after incubating neutrophils from sedentary individuals, who were in a basal state, with plasma from exercised individuals. Immediately after exercise, there was a significant increase in the concentration of norepinephrine, but not of epinephrine or cortisol. Incubation of neutrophils with this post-exercise physiological concentration of norepinephrine also stimulated phagocytosis, and the effect was blocked by both propranolol and phentolamine. The norepinephrine-augmented phagocytosis was accompanied by an increase in intracellular levels of cAMP, but not of cGMP or calcium. In conclusion, moderate exercise performed by sedentary people stimulates the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils, and the stimulation lasts for at least 24 h. Norepinephrine mediates the stimulation, although other mechanisms could be involved during the recovery period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Norepinephrine as mediator in the stimulation of phagocytosis induced by moderate exercise

et al. 2004

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“…Indeed, the large increase in circulating neutrophil numbers that accompanies a bout of prolonged exercise could, over periods of months or years of heavy training, deplete the bone marrow reserve of these important cells. Certainly, the blood population of these cells seems to be less mature than those found in sedentary individuals (Keen et al 1995, Pyne 1994 and the phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of stimulated neutrophils has been reported to be lower in well trained cyclists compared with age and weight-matched sedentary controls (Blannin et al 1996).…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studies and Longitudinal Moderate Intensity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune responses to intensified training and overtraining

Gleeson¹,

Robson-Ansley²

2006

Immune Function in Sport and Exercise

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“…Studies of the effects of exercise on phagocytic and microbicide capacities have yielded somewhat controversial results on differences between men and women. In both sedentary and trained men, increased phagocytic and microbicide capacities have uniformly been observed following moderate exercise [1,11,[15][16][17] . In women, however, the results have been less consistent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

Giraldo

Garcı́a

Hinchado

et al. 2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Background: It is still not really known what is the optimal level of exercise that improves, but does not impair or overstimulate the innate immune function. This is especially the case in women, who have higher basal levels of ‘inflammatory markers’ than men. The aim of this work was to evaluate differences in the magnitude of the stimulation of the innate/inflammatory response following a single bout of moderate or intense exercise in sedentary women, all of them in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Changes in stress and sexual hormones were also evaluated. Methods: Changes induced by exercise (45 min at 55% VO₂ max vs. 1 h at 70% VO₂ max on a cycle ergometer) in the phagocytic process (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicide capacity against Candida albicans) and in serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-4 (ELISA) were evaluated. Parallel determinations were also made of serum or plasma concentrations of catecholamines (HPLC) and cortisol, oestradiol, and progesterone (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay). Results: Both exercise intensities increased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicide capacity of the neutrophils. However, the increase in chemotaxis was greater after moderate exercise. All the cytokines assayed were affected by exercise intensity. IFN-γ increased significantly only immediately after the intense exercise; IL-1β increased following both exercise intensities, although at 24 h it only remained elevated after the intense exercise; IL-12 only increased 24 h after the intense exercise, and IL-2 only showed a significant decrease following the moderate exercise. IL-6 increased immediately after both exercise intensities, but more so after moderate exercise. While IL-4 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) increased following the moderate exercise, it decreased after the intense exercise. Both moderate and intense exercise increased norepinephrine and decreased cortisol, both of which returned to basal levels after 24 h. Only the intense exercise affected the epinephrine, oestradiol, and progesterone concentrations, with increases in epinephrine and oestradiol immediately after exercise, and a decrease in progesterone after 24 h. Conclusions: Both moderate and intense exercise stimulate the phagocytic process of neutrophils in sedentary women, but the profile of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine release seems to be better following the moderate exercise. The possible participation of stress (catecholamines and cortisol) and sex (oestradiol and progesterone) hormones in these intensity-dependent immune changes is discussed.

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Effects of submaximal cycling and long-term endurance training on neutrophil phagocytic activity in middle aged men.

Abstract: (BrJ7 Sports Med 1996;30:125-129)

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Norepinephrine as mediator in the stimulation of phagocytosis induced by moderate exercise

Norepinephrine as mediator in the stimulation of phagocytosis induced by moderate exercise

Immune responses to intensified training and overtraining

Exercise Intensity-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Response in Sedentary Women: Role of Neuroendocrine Parameters in the Neutrophil Phagocytic Process and the Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance

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