Effects of suburbanization upon snowmelt runoff

Buttle, J. M.

doi:10.1080/02626669009492430

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Bengtsson (1983) and Westerstrôm (1984), and from Peterborough, Ontario, e.g. Taylor (1982) and Buttle (1990). Buttle & Xu (1988) reviewed the literature on snowmelt runoff in urban environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban snowmelt and runoff in northern Sweden

Bengtsson

Westerström

1992

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Snowmelt and runoff in urban areas in Luleà, north Sweden, are discussed and compared with rural conditions. The uneven snow distribution in cities is quantified. Energy fluxes at the snow surface in different environments are estimated. It is shown that, mainly because of increased absorbed radiative energy in the snow, the daily melt is about 10 mm higher in the city than in rural environments. In the course of prolonged snowmelt, the infiltration capacity of most soils in urban areas becomes so reduced that melt-induced peak flows from grassed and gravelled surfaces are similar to those from asphalted surfaces. When rain falls on snow, overland flow may take place from the entire area of a basin. La fonte des neiges urbaine et l'écoulement dans la nord de la SuèdeRésumé La fonte des neiges et l'écoulement dans des zones bâties à Luleâ sont discutés et comparés avec des conditions rurales. La répartition inégale de la neige dans les villes est déterminée. Le flux d'énergie à la surface du neige dans des différents mileux est estimé. Dans la phase avancée d'une fonte des neiges prolongée les débits maximaux des surfaces couvertes de graviers ou d'herbes sont similaires aux ceux des surfaces asphaltées.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban snowmelt and runoff in northern Sweden

Bengtsson

Westerström

1992

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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“…Snowmelt predictors with relatively higher importance are lagged 17-22 h from the forecast time t. This can be interpreted twofold. First, the high snowmelt predictors' importance at these lags reflects the feedback of snowmelt to create antecedent soil moisture conditions, or initial wetting, that are promoting runoff [20,45,46]. Secondly, it can be a consequence of decreased snowmelt autocorrelation at lags 17 h onwards ( Figure 11); however, in this case, one would expect high importance of snowmelt predictors for lags near the prediction time.…”

Section: Discharge Forecast and Predictors Importancementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Snowmelt and rainfall mixed events in urban catchments intensify discharge while urbanization increases [20]. Moreover, the onset of spring snowmelt discharge is quicker in urbanized than in non-urbanized catchments [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Rainfall fields can produce acceptable discharge forecasting in sites where snowmelt is not dominating over rainfall, as shown in our study. However, inclusion of snowmelt in such case studies should not be neglected because it allows the physical processes' representation to be more complete, e.g., in taking into account the antecedent soil moisture conditions [20], rain-on-snow [49] or the runoff [46].…”

Section: Snowmelt In Discharge Forecastingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Discharge Forecasting for Snowmelt and Rainfall Mixed Events

Berezowski

Chybicki

2018

Water

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Discharge events induced by mixture of snowmelt and rainfall are strongly nonlinear due to consequences of rain-on-snow phenomena and snowmelt dependence on energy balance. However, they received relatively little attention, especially in high-resolution discharge forecasting. In this study, we use Random Forests models for 24 h discharge forecasting in 1 h resolution in a 105.9 km 2 urbanized catchment in NE Poland: Biala River. The forcing data are delivered by Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in 1 h temporal and 4 × 4 km spatial resolutions. The discharge forecasting models are set in two scenarios with snowmelt and rainfall and rainfall only predictors in order to highlight the effect of snowmelt on the results (both scenarios use also pre-forecast discharge based predictors). We show that inclusion of snowmelt decrease the forecast errors for longer forecasts' lead times. Moreover, importance of discharge based predictors is higher in the rainfall only models then in the snowmelt and rainfall models. We conclude that the role of snowmelt for discharge forecasting in mixed snowmelt and rainfall environments is in accounting for nonlinear physical processes, such as initial wetting and rain on snow, which cannot be properly modelled by rainfall only.

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“…Rainfall events have enjoyed the lion's share of study, both because rainfall intensities are greater than those of melt and because snow hydrology is perceived to be the same in rural and urban sites. Some exceptions include Bengtsson (1983), Westerstrôm (1984), Bengtsson & Westerstrôm (1992) in Sweden, and Buttle & Xu (1988), Xu & Buttle (1987) and Buttle (1990) in Canada.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snowmelt sensitivity to radiation in the urban environment

Semádeni-Davies

Bengtsson

1998

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Despite having the same snowmelt processes, snowpacks in urban environments experience a range of conditions different from those of rural areas. Melt is intensified at some sites due to greater radiative energy. Shading, however, can reduce radiation and melt at other sites. Changes to the radiation balance and snowpack processes have been investigated. A physical snowpack model was developed and tested against data from an impervious study plot in Sweden. Estimated surface runoff compared favourably with that measured. An urban radiation scheme captured the observed net allwave radiation well. Series of sensitivity analyses were made by perturbing the scheme to represent three urban locations: open ground and the southern (sunny) and north (shaded) sides of a hypothetical building. Cloudiness, albedo, wall temperature and sky view were altered to reproduce common urban conditions. Even without perturbation, the shaded and sunny sides of the building had different radiation fluxes-the south side experienced a daily average net radiation enhancement of 15 W m-2 and the north a decrease of 35 W m-2. This pattern was reflected in melt. Perturbation exaggerated the disparity. Sensibilité de la fonte des neiges au rayonnement en milieu urbainRésumé Bien que les processus soient identiques, les conditions de la fonte des neiges en milieu urbain sont différentes de celles des zones rurales. Pour certains sites, la fonte est accélérée en raison d'une énergie radiative plus importante, alors que pour d'autres sites elle est ralentie à cause de l'ombre qui cause une diminution de l'exposition au rayonnement. Les modifications du bilan radiatif et des processus du manteau neigeux ont été étudiées. On a élaboré et évalué un modèle physique du manteau neigeux à partir de données obtenues sur une parcelle bitumée en Suède. Le ruissellement de surface simulé se corrèle bien au ruissellement mesuré. Le schéma du rayonnement en milieu urbain simule bien le bilan radiatif, courtes et grandes ondes, mesuré. Des séries d'analyses de sensibilité ont été réalisées en perturbant le schéma initial afin de représenter trois types de sites urbains; sol nu, exposition au sud (ensoleillée) et au nord (ombragée) d'un hypothétique bâtiment. La fraction nuageuse, l'albédo, la température des murs et la fraction de ciel dégagé sur le site ont été modifiés afin de reproduire les conditions urbaines courantes. Même sans l'intégration de ces perturbations, les flux radiatifs des façades ombragées et ensoleillées du bâtiment sont différents (allant de +15 à -35 W m" 2 ). La fonte de la neige est donc favorisée au sud et entravée au nord du bâtiment. Les perturbations ne font qu'augmenter cette disparité.

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Effects of suburbanization upon snowmelt runoff

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Urban snowmelt and runoff in northern Sweden

Urban snowmelt and runoff in northern Sweden

High-Resolution Discharge Forecasting for Snowmelt and Rainfall Mixed Events

Snowmelt sensitivity to radiation in the urban environment

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