Effects of Sugar Type and Concentration on Batu 55 Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) Somatic Embryo Maturation

Abstract

When obtaining plantlets, embryo maturation and simultaneous germination are important steps in plant micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis. Several studies have shown that the use of carbohydrates as a carbon source plays a significant role in inducing somatic embryo development in certain plant species. This study aimed to establish a somatic embryo maturation protocol for Batu 55 Mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco.) by examining the effect of various types of sugar and concentrations. The results showed that the type and concentration of sugar added to the medium affect the somatic embryo maturation of Batu 55 Mandarin. Galactose and maltose enhance somatic embryo maturation more effectively than does sorbitol. The combination of galactose or maltose with sorbitol was able to improve somatic embryo maturation more effectively than galactose or maltose alone. The combination of galactose and sorbitol enhanced the maturation of somatic embryos more effectively than did change the concentrations of maltose or sorbitol. It can be concluded that sugar type and concentration had effects on citrus somatic embryo development. The combination of sorbitol (36.5 mM) with galactose 73 mM was able to augment citrus somatic embryo maturation more effectively than the other concentrations applied.

Establishment of in Direct Propagation of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) Using Tissue Culture

“…Sugar type and concentration had effects on citrus somatic embryo development. The combination of sorbitol (36.5 mM) with galactose 73 mM was able to augment citrus somatic embryo maturation more effectively than the other concentrations applied (Widoretno et al, 2017). The aim of this research was to determine the best explant type (leaf, stem segments, and cotyledons) and growth regulator and natural additives in order to achieve callus induction.…”

Inisiasi, pertumbuhan, dan perkembangan kalus embriogenik tanaman stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)

“…Penggunaan sumber karbon glukosa menghasilkan kalus campuran pada semua tingkat konsentrasi. Maltosa juga merupakan sumber karbohidrat terbaik untuk induksi embrio somatik pada tanaman karet dari eksplan integumen-dalam (Blanc et al, 1999) serta jeruk (Widoretno et al, 2017), walaupun sukrosa 30 gL -1 juga dilaporkan baik untuk SE karet dengan eksplan anther (Modeste et al, 2012). Selain berfungsi sebagai sumber karbon, maltosa juga dilaporkan memiliki peranan osmotik untuk perkembangan embrio bawang putih (Nasim et al, 2010).…”

Rapid Somatic Embryogenesis of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Madu in an Air-Lift Bioreactor Culture

“…Somatic embryogenesis is the process to form a whole plant from a single somatic cell (El-Sherif, 2019) throughout a series if of morphological and biochemical changes (Gulzar, Mujib, Rajam, Frukh, & Zafar, 2019;Nic-Can et al, 2015). Initially, regeneration of citrus via somatic embryogenesis was possible in liquid cultures (Agisimanto et al, 2012;Altaf, Khan, Sadia, Jaskani, & Khan, 2017;Februyani et al, 2016;Gerolino et al, 2015;Puad, Sarji, Fathil, & Abduh, 2018), and the process was usually influenced by several factors, both in solid and liquid culture (Widoretno et al, 2017). Later, rapid protocols for large-scale cell proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of C. sinensis using solid medium (Kiong, Wan, Hussein, & Ibrahim, 2008) and of C. reticulata in flask culture (Agisimanto et al, 2012) were developed.…”

“…Recently embryogenesis on citrus have been successfully conducted on citrus rootstock (Chiancone & Germanà, 2013), Citrus limon and C. sinensis (Meziane et al, 2017), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Widoretno, Indriyani, Martasari, & Hakin, 2017), and Citrus nobilis (Nurwahyuni & Sinaga, 2018). While micropropagation of citrus in bioreactor has been recently reported on Citrus × latifolia (Yu.…”