Effects of supplemental calcium salts of palm oil and chromium-propionate on insulin sensitivity and productive and reproductive traits of mid- to late-lactating Holstein × Gir dairy cows consuming excessive energy

Abstract

This experiment compared insulin sensitivity, milk production, and reproductive outcomes in dairy cows consuming excessive energy during mid to late lactation and receiving in a 2 × 2 factorial design (1) concentrate based on ground corn (CRN; n = 20) or including 8% (DM basis) of Ca salts of palm oil (CSPO; n = 20), and (2) supplemented (n = 20) or not (n = 20) with 2.5 g/d of Cr-propionate. During the experiment (d 0-203), 40 multiparous, nonpregnant, lactating 3/4 Holstein × 1/4 Gir cows (initial days in milk = 81 ± 2; mean ± SE) were offered corn silage for ad libitum consumption, and individually received concentrate formulated to allow diets to provide 160% of their daily net energy for lactation requirements. From d -15 to 203, milk production was recorded daily, blood samples collected weekly, and cow body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) recorded on d 0 and 203. For dry matter intake evaluation, cows from both treatments were randomly divided in 5 groups of 8 cows each, and allocated to 8 individual feeding stations for 3 d. Intake was evaluated 6 times/group. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT; 0.5 g of glucose/kg of BW) were performed on d -3, 100, and 200. Follicle aspiration for in vitro embryo production was performed via transvaginal ovum pick-up on d -1, 98, and 198. Mean DMI, net energy for lactation intake, as well as BW and BCS change were similar across treatments. On average, cows gained 40 kg of BW and 0.49 BCS during the experiment. Within weekly blood samples, CRN cows had lower serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, fatty acids, and insulin-to-glucose ratio compared with CSPO cows, suggesting increased insulin sensitivity in CRN cows. During the GTT, insulin-sensitivity traits were also greater in CRN versus CSPO cows. Supplemental Cr-propionate resulted in lower serum insulin concentrations and insulin-to-glucose ratio within CRN cows only, indicating that Cr-propionate improved basal insulin sensitivity in CRN but not in CSPO cows. During the GTT, however, Cr-propionate supplementation reduced hyperinsulinemia and insulin-to-glucose ratio across CSPO and CRN cows. Milk production, as well as number of viable oocytes collected and embryos produced within each aspiration, were not affected by treatments. Hence, replacing corn by Ca salts of palm oil in the concentrate did not improve insulin sensitivity in Holstein × Gir dairy cows consuming excessive energy during mid to late lactation, whereas Cr-supplementation was effective in improving basal insulin sensitivity in cows not receiving Ca salts of palm oil.

The Impact of Fetal Programming in Ewe Nutrition with Chromium Propionate or Calcium Salts of Palm Oil on the Meat Quality and Bone of the Progeny

“…Calcium salts of palm oil increased the concentration of insulin and BHB in the blood, indicating energy generation by lipid metabolism. Supplementation with chromium propionate increased the concentration of NEFA and BHB, which are common ndings in a high metabolizable energy diet [25]. The use of chromium propionate days before parturition increases lipolysis [26].…”

“…Therefore, the best energy use of the diet by the ewe fed either with CR or with PF may have increased the milk production of the ewes, which allowed better nutrition of the lambs and thus in uenced the weight at weaning and slaughter. The bene cial effect of chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil has already been proven with dairy cows [25].…”

Desempeño productivo, características de la canal y calidad de la carne de cerdos alimentados con dietas base sorgo-pasta de soya adicionadas con metionina de cromo en diferentes etapas de desarrollo

“…Evans y Bowman (1992) reportaron que el picolinato de Cr incrementa la fluidez de la membrana celular promoviendo la internalización de la insulina e incrementando la sensibilidad celular a la glucosa, resultando en mayor tasa de absorción celular y menor concentración de glucosa sanguínea. Diversos estudios muestran claramente que la suplementación con Cr incrementa la tasa de depuración y reducen la vida media de glucosa sanguínea en cerdos (Amoikon et al, 1995;Matthews et al, 2001), aves (Noori et al, 2012) y rumiantes (Leiva et al, 2018;Bernhard et al, 2012;Kegley et al, 2000). El consumo de Cr también redujo el espesor de la grasa dorsal sin importar el peso al que inició la suplementación, lo que sugiere modificaciones del metabolismo lipídico en los cerdos suplementados.…”

Implications of pregnant sheep nutrition on progeny\'s myofibers and blood parameters

“…Starch is the main source of glucose for ruminants and is considered highly insulinogenic , nevertheless, high-energy diets may lead to decreased insulin sensitivity, and in dairy cows this negatively affects milk production and breast synthesis of milk constituents (LeBlanc, 2010), however, previous research with dairy cows showed that chromium propionate supplementation in high energy diets affected insulin and glucose concentrations, avoiding decreased insulin sensitivity (Leiva et al, 2015(Leiva et al, , 2018. These factors may be an explanation for the difference in weight between lambs from chromium propionatesupplemented mothers and lambs compared to starch-supplemented mothers, where STCRs were heavier, even though there was no statistical difference.…”

“…Chromium acts in conjunction with insulin receptors on cells sensitive to this hormone, increasing glucose intake, improving the use of the energy supplied . It can also act as a modulator of the body fat of the offspring during pregnancy and lactation (Padmavathi et al, 2010) and for highenergy diets that can cause decreased insulin sensitivity, negatively affecting milk production in dairy cows (LeBlanc, 2010), chromium propionate supplementation in high-energy diets affected insulin and glucose concentrations, avoiding decreased insulin sensitivity (Leiva et al, 2015(Leiva et al, , 2018).…”