Effects of Temperature and Glyphosate on Fatty Acid Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Peroxidation in the Gastropod Lymneae sp.

Abstract

Little is known about the potential effects of glyphosate on freshwater gastropods and possible interactions between glyphosate and other stressors. A two-way factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature (20 °C/25 °C) and glyphosate (0 µg/L/200 µg/L) on Lymnaea sp. After 21 days, antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), malondialdehyde content (MDA), and fatty acid (FA) composition of Lymnaea sp. tissue were measured. Temperature had an effect on SOD activity and GPx activity. In contrast, an increase in GST activity was observed in glyphosate-exposed snails, highlighting the role of GST in the glyphosate detoxification process. Differences in temperature and glyphosate did not affect lipid peroxidation (MDA); however, we observed a trend suggesting the presence of higher MDA content in glyphosate-exposed snails at 20 °C. The FA groups were generally not strongly affected by the treatments, except for omega−9 (n-9) that was markedly lower at the higher temperature. Changes were also observed in individual FA as a response to glyphosate and/or temperature. For example, a significant decrease in 18:1n9 was observed at 25 °C. Our results showed that antioxidant capacity and FA profiles were mainly affected by temperature, while glyphosate seemed to have a lesser impact.

Can Glyphosate and Temperature Affect the Nutritional Lipid Quality in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis?

“…Even though temperature did not have a significant effect on SFA level, the CTR mussels at 26° C had a slightly higher SFA content. This is in accordance with results reported by Fadhlaoui and Lavoie [ 36 ] in a similar study on the effects of temperature and Gly on FA composition of the gastropod Lymneae sp. One explanation could be an adaptive response to maintain the structural rigidity of the cell membrane in these conditions [ 34 , 37 ].…”

“…It can affect the physiology of organisms and their metabolic rates, as well as the toxicity of contaminants. In a similar study, Fadhlaoui and Lavoie [ 36 ] reported a different trend showing a decrease in oleic acid at the highest temperature. However, Cohen [ 59 ], in a study on the effects of the herbicides on FAs, reported an increase in oleic acid in one cyanobacterium and one marine microalga, thus indicating an inhibitory effect of the herbicide on the Δ6-desaturation system.…”

“…Telhaigue [ 38 ] showed a significant decrease in EPA and DHA in the digestive gland of F. glaber after glyphosate exposure at 18 ± 1 °C, while an opposite trend was found in the gills. On the other hand, Fadhlaoui and Lavoie [ 36 ] found no significant effect of Gly and temperature on EPA in snails.…”

“…In most of them, glyphosate can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage, inhibit enzymatic activities, and affect energy metabolism and growth rates [ 32 , 33 ]. Recent scientific data report the involvement of pesticides in the lipid composition modulation of aquatic organisms, although few studies have been conducted on bivalves [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Telahigue [ 38 ] investigated the toxic effect of Gly on scallops Flexopecten glaber in which they reported an altered FA profile.…”

Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Effects in Zebrafish Larvae after Rapid Exposure to a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation

“…This imbalance promotes oxidation that results in structural modification of biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, consequently causing cellular alterations that can lead to high levels of inflammation and even cell death [ 78 , 79 , 80 ]. GBHs confer cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, increase oxidative stress, alter the immune system, impair some brain functions and are, supposedly, correlated with the development of some types of cancer [ 71 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ]. In our study, the positive control (copper sulphate) behaved as expected [ 85 , 86 ], increasing the levels of ROS, NO and cell death in WT larvae.…”