Effects of temperature on the rate of embryonic development of cephalopods in the light of thermal time applied to aquaculture

Abstract

The temporal description of the embryonic development in ectothermic animals and the speed of development depends on environmental temperature. The concept of thermal time helps in solving this problem by making it possible to define a linear model of development linking developmental rate and temperature. The model has been scarcely applied to cephalopods in spite of being useful for programming embryonic development and hatching events. The potential application of the linear model of development would have particular interest in the case of emerging species for aquaculture such as Octopus vulgaris or Sepia officinalis. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to review the effect of temperature on the rate of embryonic development in cephalopods in relation to the linear model of development and to discuss its potential applications and limitations to cephalopod aquaculture. As a result, a good fitting of the model has been proven not only for the total time of development, but also for the time of the organogenesis phase, in nine species of cephalopods. Usually, threshold temperatures for different developmental phases, pre-organogenesis, organogenesis and growth, are the same. In addition, the potential use of anisothermic protocols for egg incubation, as well as the problems connected with the asynchronicity of egg laying within a single spawning are also discussed. In consequence, the linear model of development seems to be useful for basic and applied research on cephalopod embryonic development and particularly for the advancement of cephalopod aquaculture.

Performance Parameters of Paralarvae and Postparalarvae Rearing of Patagonian Red Octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, under Experimental Conditions

“…At the three temperatures tested for E.megalocyathus embryos, they showed similar ATU and DD. So, degree-days are not decreased with increasing temperature as proposed by Márquez et al [31]. The reason may be the loss of linearity at 18°C for E. megamegalocyathus embryos.…”

“…Temperature is a key factor for the speed of embryonic development of cephalopods and for the different stages, such as preorganogenesis, organogenesis, and growth until hatching [31]. Under controlled incubation, Uriarte et al [7] documented the hatching efficiency of Patagonian red octopus eggs with the best results at 14°C (65.8%) and the worst results at 16°C (28.6%).…”

High resolution respirometry of isolated mitochondria from adult Octopus maya (Class: Cephalopoda) systemic heart

“…Among invertebrates, cephalopods have a wide diversity and distribution in the marine environment, being key species from an ecological and economical point of view [34][35][36][37][38][39]. Currently, evidence has been reported suggesting they could be particularly sensitive to warming due to their high metabolic rates and energetic demands [37][38][39][40][41][42][43].…”