Effects of temperature on the chemical composition of tars produced from the gasification of coconut and palm kernel shells using downdraft fixed-bed reactor

Simulation of biomass gasification in bubbling fluidized bed reactor using aspen plus®

“…Figure 13 shows the predicted tar concentration in the producer gas as a function of ER and temperature for the conditions of the gasification experiments made in the pilot-scale reactor (Table 2). The predicted tar concentration was between 20 and 42 g/Nm 3 , which is in accordance with tar concentration results reported in the literature regarding biomass gasification [3,18,[43][44][45]. An increase in the ER shows a beneficial effect on reducing tar concentration, which can be explained in result of an increase in oxygen availability to react with it.…”

A comprehensive review of primary strategies for tar removal in biomass gasification

“…The impact of temperature on the tar content in the gaseous stream has been analyzed in several researches [157][158][159][160][161]. Accordingly, a wide range of reactor configurations have been employed, with the most common ones being fixed bed (updraft, downdraft and crossdraft), fluidized bed, entrained flow, spouted bed, rotary kiln and plasma reactors [22,26,162].…”

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Properties of Char from Palm Kernel Shell

“…The peaks at 2973.76 cm -1 assigned to a methyl C-H asymmetric stretch (Coates, 2019), while that observed at 2382.43 cm -1 is assigned C=C stretch of alkyne (Okolo et al, 2020) or C=C stretching of ketone, aldehyde or carboxylic acid group (Chowdhury et al,2016). The peak at 1736.17 cm -1 is due to unconjugated C=O possibly due to uronic anhydride carbonyls and ester groups of carbohydrate, hemicellulose (Ghali et al, 2012) while that 1372.53 cm -1 which may be attributed to aliphatic nitro compounds as it is between 1380-1350 cm -1 (Nandiyanto et al, 2019) or to O-H group which may also appear between 1395 cm -1 and 1360 cm -1 , as indication of the presence of the different alcohols and phenols (Yahaya et al, 2020). The peak at 1219.70 cm -1 represents the C-O stretching in C-O-H of phenolic group (Liyanage and Pieris, 2015) or deformation of cellulose (Rana et al, 2008).…”