Effects of the availability of food and water on reproduction in the African army worm, <i>Spodoptera exempta</i>

Gunn, Alan; Gatehouse, A. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1985.tb00019.x

Cited by 42 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The observed strong correlation of fecundity and adult weight has often been found for lepidopterous insects (i.e. Smith, 1986) and confirms the conclusion of Gunn & Gatehouse (1985) that for adults of S. exempta provided with water, the main factor limiting fecundity is adult weight. Apparently, larvae compensated well for the large differences in food quality, either by changing their rate of consumption or by changing the utilization efficiency of the various nutrients (Simpson & Simpson, 1990); selection of certain leaf tissues better suiting the need of the larvae can most likely be excluded as a possible mechanism for compensation, due to the large differences in mineral levels between the various leaf categories and the observation that the leaf variables were hardly changed by larval feeding (table 2).…”

Section: Nutritional Quality Fitness and Outbreakssupporting

confidence: 85%

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Impact of the mineral composition and water content of excised maize leaf sections on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Janssen

1994

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The effects of intraplant variation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and water content within maize plants on fitness of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), were studied in three experiments by using an excised leaf system. Maize plants were phosphorus deficient in one of the experiments. Various leaf categories were distinguished differing in age and position on the plants. Leaf sections on which caterpillars fed were daily refreshed. Changes in the four plant variables measured, due to the excision and subsequent placement of the leaf sections in the excised leaf system for one day, were small and mostly insignificant. Highly significant differences were found between the composition of the various leaf categories in all three experiments. In all experiments, the nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 4.5%, phosphorus from 0.1 to 1.3%, and potassium from 1.4 to 4.8% dry weight, while water content varied from 83 to 90% fresh weight. Of all insect fitness parameters observed, only larval growth rate was consistently and significantly affected by leaf category. Fecundity was strongly correlated with pharate adult weight. Only phosphorus was significantly and positively correlated with larval fresh weight, especially in the experiment with phosphorus deficient plants. Multiple regression models revealed that in all experiments a significant proportion of variation in larval fresh weight between leaf categories could be explained by the four plant variables. However, only phosphorus was included in all models. When all leaf categories used in the three experiments were considered simultaneously, the importance of phosphorus for larval growth rate in these experiments was again evident. The variation in nitrogen, potassium and water appeared to be of little or no significance. The consequences of these findings for outbreak development of S. exempta are discussed.

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Section: Nutritional Quality Fitness and Outbreakssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…plastic cups (250ml) at 25°C, r.h. 90%, L:D 12:12 and a light intensity of less than 3 W/m 2 . Pharate adult weights were measured within 6 h before eclosion, which can be anticipated by the darkening of the pupal cuticle (Gunn & Gatehouse, 1985). Eclosion generally occurred at night.…”

Section: Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the mineral composition and water content of excised maize leaf sections on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Janssen

1994

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…As in most other insects, a male can transfer enough sperm during a single copulation to fertilize all the eggs a female may carry (Gunn & Gatehouse, 1985). As in most other insects, a male can transfer enough sperm during a single copulation to fertilize all the eggs a female may carry (Gunn & Gatehouse, 1985).…”

Section: ( I ) Variation In Mating Frequenciesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Fecundity is related to size in a number of moths and butterflies (Marks, 1976;Leather, 1988). Similarly, temperature and access to water, acting through longevity and reproductive rate, have a marked effect on fecundity (Gunn & Gatehouse, 1985;Leather et al, 1985). However, longevity is a complicating factor in the size-fecundity relationship, suggested as the most important single factor influencing fecundity within Lepidoptera (Leather, I 988).…”

Section: Production Of Effective Mate-attracting Signals Ability To Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Selection in Moths: The Role of Chemical Communication

Svensson

1996

Biological Reviews

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“…The adult moths are highly mobile, capable of achieving displacement of hundreds of kilometre each generation, flying with the wind at altitudes of several hundred meters (Gun and Gatehouse, 1985;Vilaplana et al, 2010;Boer, 1978). In Tanzania, armyworm outbreaks are usually severe and extensive during the rainy season follow droughts (Gunn and Gatehouse, 1985). According to Rose et al (1995) "outbreaks of armyworm occur sporadically and caterpillars are generally not noticed until they change color from green to black at their third stars".…”

Section: African Armywormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

Suleiman¹,

Rosentrater²

2015

2015 ASABE International Meeting

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Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of mai...

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Effects of the availability of food and water on reproduction in the African army worm, Spodoptera exempta

Cited by 42 publications

References 24 publications

Impact of the mineral composition and water content of excised maize leaf sections on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Impact of the mineral composition and water content of excised maize leaf sections on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sexual Selection in Moths: The Role of Chemical Communication

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

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