Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of clinically extremely vulnerable children and children living with clinically extremely vulnerable people in Wales: a data linkage study

Abstract

ObjectivesTo determine whether clinically extremely vulnerable (CEV) children or children living with a CEV person in Wales were at greater risk of presenting with anxiety or depression in primary or secondary care during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with children in the general population and to compare patterns of anxiety and depression during the pandemic (23 March 2020–31 January 2021, referred to as 2020/2021) and before the pandemic (23 March 2019–31 January 2020, referred to as 2019/2020), between CEV children and the general population.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional cohort study using anonymised, linked, routinely collected health and administrative data held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank. CEV individuals were identified using the COVID-19 shielded patient list.SettingPrimary and secondary healthcare settings covering 80% of the population of Wales.ParticipantsChildren aged 2–17 in Wales: CEV (3769); living with a CEV person (20 033); or neither (415 009).Primary outcome measureFirst record of anxiety or depression in primary or secondary healthcare in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, identified using Read and International Classification of Diseases V.10 codes.ResultsA Cox regression model adjusted for demographics and history of anxiety or depression revealed that only CEV children were at greater risk of presenting with anxiety or depression during the pandemic compared with the general population (HR=2.27, 95% CI=1.94 to 2.66, p<0.001). Compared with the general population, the risk among CEV children was higher in 2020/2021 (risk ratio 3.04) compared with 2019/2020 (risk ratio 1.90). In 2020/2021, the period prevalence of anxiety or depression increased slightly among CEV children, but declined among the general population.ConclusionsDifferences in the period prevalence of recorded anxiety or depression in healthcare between CEV children and the general population were largely driven by a reduction in presentations to healthcare services by children in the general population during the pandemic.

Loneliness Trajectories, Associated Factors and Subsequent Health in Children and Young People During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Matched Cohort Study

“… 49 , 51 Poor health and chronic health conditions are known risk factors of experiencing loneliness and poor mental health, potentially amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic for subgroups who had to shield because of their health condition. 49 , 52 , 53 Nevertheless, the longitudinal data allowed assessment of temporality by using measures of exposures (loneliness) preceding the outcome (Long COVID) and controlling for baseline loneliness, physical and mental health measures in a subsample with limited recall bias. Second, the sample representativeness and generalization of results was limited by self-selection response bias and drop-out.…”