Effects of the herbicide 2,4-D on the growth of nine aquatic macrophytes

Belgers, J.D.M.; Lieverloo, R.J. van; Pas, L.J.T. van der; Brink, Paul J. Van den

doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.11.002

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…expostas a 1.000 e 10.000 mg L -1 do herbicida 2,4-D, e nas concentrações de 0,01; 0,1; 1,0; 10; e 100 mg L -1 ocorreu estímulo ao crescimento das macrófitas (Tanaka et al, 2002). Para Myriophyllum spicatum ocorreu efeito inibitório de 50% em 0,04 mg L -1 (Bird, 1993), porém, para Lemna trisulca, o 2,4-D não apresentou efeito fitotóxico em concentrações até 3,0 mg L -1 (Belgers et al, 2007). As concentrações do herbicida 2,4-D que causaram fitotoxicidade neste estudo (Figura 1E) não foram semelhantes às encontradas pelos autores supracitados, talvez por A. caroliniana ser monocotiledônea e apresentar sensibilidade maior que a das macrófitas E. densa e E. najas e menor que a de M. spicatum.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…A planta padronizada para ensaios ecotoxicológicos é a Lemna minor (OECD, 2002), utilizada para os herbicidas methyl bensulfuron, mefenacet, simetryn, thiobencarb e quinoclamine (Aida et al, 2006), 2,4-D (Belgers et al, 2007), diquat e fomesafen (Gorzerino et al, 2009), atrazina, isoproturon e alachlor (Coutris et al, 2011) e glyphosate (Roundup Ultra 360) (Kielak et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Ecotoxicidade de herbicidas para a macrófita aquática (Azolla caroliniana)

Silva¹,

Cruz²,

Neto³

et al. 2012

Planta daninha

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RESUMO -Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar Azolla caroliniana como planta-teste em estudos ecotoxicológicos e estimar a CL50;7d dos herbicidas 2,4-D, glyphosate, clomazone e oxyfluorfen. As plantas foram aclimatadas em sala de bioensaio. Para isso, foram selecionadas cinco plantas em 50 mL de meio de cultivo Hoagland. Palavras-chave: bioindicador, toxicidade aguda, produtos fitossanitários, macrófita.ABSTRACT -The objectives of this study were to evaluate Azolla caroliniana as test plant in ecotoxicological studies and to estimate the LC50; 7d of the herbicides 2,4 D , glyphosate, and clomazone oxyfluorfen. The plants were acclimatized in the bioassay room. Five plants in 50 mL Hoagland culture medium were selected. After that, 50 mL of Hoagland and the herbicide were added, completing the volume to 100 mL. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50; 7d) for A. caroliniana exposed to the herbicide 2,4-D, was 708.35 mg L -1 ; to glyphosate (formulation Scout ® ), 23.66 mg L -1 ; to glyphosate (formulation Trop ® ), 38.91 mg L -1 ; to clomazone, 129.63 mg L -1 ; and to oxyflourfen, 80.50 mg L -1 . The herbicides glyphosate (Scout ® and Trop ® ) and oxyflourfen were classified as moderately toxic to A. caroliniana, while clomazone and 2,4-D were classified as practically nontoxic. It was concluded that A. caroliniana plants can be used as bio-indicators for glyphosate and oxyfluorfen-based herbicides.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Ecotoxicidade de herbicidas para a macrófita aquática (Azolla caroliniana)

Silva¹,

Cruz²,

Neto³

et al. 2012

Planta daninha

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“…On the other hand, it attests M. aquaticum to be a sensitive macrophyte for herbicide risk assessment, when submerged preculture conditions are applied. In a study where the impact of 2,4-D on the growth of nine aquatic macrophytes were investigated [22], the most sensitive species was Ranunculus aquatilis with an EC50 value of 92 μg/L (root length), which is twice as high as the EC50 of M. aquaticum in this study with plants adapted to the submerged state. Furthermore, the EC50 of Lemna gibba in the 2,4-D review report of the European Commission is 580 μg/L [23] more than ten times higher than the EC50 of M. aquaticum with 46.9 μg/L.…”

Section: Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of heterophylly on the sensitivity of Myriophyllum aquaticum biotests

Ebke¹,

Felten

Dören³

2013

Environ Sci Eur

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Background: Parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) is an amphibious macrophyte with an inducible heterophylly. M. aquaticum plants adapted to the emersed state have leaves with a distinct cuticle and water repellent properties. In contrast M. aquaticum plants adapted to the submerged state have leaves typical for submerged hydrophytes with a strongly reduced cuticle. The aim of the study was to evaluate if this heterophylly of M. aquaticum affects the results of macrophyte biotests. Therefore, the two model substances atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were tested each with three M. aquaticum biotests, the only modified parameter being the adaptation time to submergence (0, 7, 28 days). Results: Root length was the most sensitive growth endpoint regarding the test substances atrazine and 2,4-D. Biotests with plants adapted to the submerged state show three times more sensitive results (EC50 7d 142.2 μg/L, EC50 28d 154.5 μg/L) than biotests with plants without an adaptation phase (EC50 0d 458.8 μg/L) in case of atrazine and five times more sensitive results (EC50 28d 46.9 μg/L, EC50 0d 246.3 μg/L) in case of 2,4-D. Apart from the differences in sensitivity, the differently adapted M. aquaticum plants show a completely different growth behavior. The growth rates based on shoot length were nearly ten times higher in the biotests with not adapted M. aquaticum plants than in the biotests with plants 28 days adapted to submergence. Additional measurements of the quantum yield of PSII could demonstrate that rapid growth in length is not based on photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Conclusions: The heterophylly of M. aquaticum affects significantly the sensitivity of aquatic macrophyte biotests and should be taken into account in the development of a standardized test design. The 2,4-D results show the importance of an additional macrophyte biotest to the Lemna test, where the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value is more than 30 times lower (7 μg/L) than the NOEC value of Lemna in the literature (270 μg/L). Furthermore, the growth rate endpoint in macrophyte biotests should not be misinterpreted. Rapid shoot elongation of amphibious macrophytes, which become submerged, is mainly caused by ethylene-triggered endogenous processes that are not connected to photosynthetic carbon assimilation and appear to be part of a stress reaction to avoid adverse environmental conditions.

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“…Lemna minor is a standardized macrophyte for toxicity assays (OECD, 2002) and it has been used on studies with pesticides 2.4-D (Belgers et al, 2007), diquat and fomesafen (Gorzerino et al, 2009), atrazine, isoproturon and alachlor (Coutris et al, 2011), glyphosate (Kielak et al, 2011), and imazapyr (Cruz et al, 2015). Another macrophyte that may be used as a bioindicator is Azolla caroliniana, due to its easy management, short cycle of life, short height and since it is a cosmopolitan species; however, it still requires studies on its sensitivity as a bioindicator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophyte Bioassay Applications for Monitoring Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment

et al. 2016

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RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade na utilização das macrófitas Lemna minor e Azolla caroliniana como bioindicadores de exposição (toxicidade aguda) dos herbicidas atrazina, bentazon + imazamox e clomazone, do inseticida alfacipermetrina + teflubenzuron e dos fungicidas piraclostrobina e mistura piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol, bem como o risco de intoxicação ambiental. Para isso, foram selecionadas quatro plantas de L. minor e cinco de A. caroliniana em 50 mL de meio de cultivo Hoagland. Em ambas as plantas foram utilizadas as concentrações de 0,10, 1,07, 3,44, 11,16, 36,40

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Effects of the herbicide 2,4-D on the growth of nine aquatic macrophytes

Cited by 61 publications

References 20 publications

Ecotoxicidade de herbicidas para a macrófita aquática (Azolla caroliniana)

Ecotoxicidade de herbicidas para a macrófita aquática (Azolla caroliniana)

Impact of heterophylly on the sensitivity of Myriophyllum aquaticum biotests

Macrophyte Bioassay Applications for Monitoring Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment

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