Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Neurological Disorders

Roeder, Hannah; Leira, Enrique C.

doi:10.1007/s11910-021-01115-0

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Indeed, mandates such as SABV and SGBA were instigated in part because of the lack of knowledge of how females differed in their response to treatments and disease 17 . There are female-specific experiences that affect female health, such as menstruation, hormonal contraceptives, pregnancy and menopause that need to be studied 40 – 43 . Unfortunately, as highlighted by the current study, the percentage of papers that use only females remains consistently low and has not increased in 2019 compared with 2009 in our sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences

et al. 2022

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Sex differences exist in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, but these have not always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to consider how sex is incorporated into the design (e.g. using a balanced design) and into the analyses (e.g. using sex as a covariate) in the published literature. We surveyed papers published in 2009 and 2019 across six journals in neuroscience and psychiatry. In this sample, we find a 30% increase in the percentage of papers reporting studies that included both sexes in 2019 compared with 2009. Despite this increase, in 2019 only 19% of papers in the sample reported using an optimal design for discovery of possible sex differences, and only 5% of the papers reported studies that analysed sex as a discovery variable. We conclude that progress to date has not been sufficient to address the importance of sex differences in research for discovery and therapeutic potential for neurological and psychiatric disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences

et al. 2022

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“…The menstrual cycle is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis [66]. There are four phases: menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.…”

Section: Mensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?

Coyle

2021

JPM

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“…Indeed the impetus for SABV and SGBA was instigated in part because of the lack of knowledge of how females differed in their response to treatments and disease (Tingen et al, 2013; White et al, 2021). There are female-specific experiences that affect female health, such as menstruation, hormonal contraceptives, pregnancy and menopause that need to be studied (Galea et al, 2018; Duarte-Guterman et al, 2019; Grandi et al, 2019; Cooke and Davidge, 2019; Champaloux et al, 2017; Lewis et al, 2019; Roeder and Leira, 2021; Peterson et al, 2014). Unfortunately, as highlighted by the current study, the percentage of studies that use only females is devastatingly low and has not improved over ten years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Power of Sex Differences: What a Difference Ten Years Did Not Make

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Sex differences exist in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases in terms of prevalence, manifestation, and treatment but most past research has been conducted in males. Multiple mandates have been initiated across funding agencies (National Institute of Health, Horizon Europe, Canadian Institute for Health Research) and scientific publishers (Sex and Gender Equity in Research) for biomedical and clinical research to include both males and females in research and reporting. Although more studies are including males and females in their research there are issues in how studies are incorporating males and females in their experiments, as about a third of studies that use males and females do not report sample size and only half are conducting any analysis by sex. Furthermore, what has been lacking in the literature is a detailed assessment of not only how sex is reported in papers (e.g. sample sizes disclosed, balanced design, sex used consistently throughout the experiments) but also how the variable sex is included in any analyses (e.g. covariate). Here we investigated all papers in 2009 and 2019 in three high ranking journals for each of Neuroscience and Psychiatry. We found that there was a 30% increase in the percentage of papers that included both sexes from 2009 to 2019 such that 68% of studies in Neuroscience and Psychiatry used both males and females in 2019. Despite this increase, in 2019 only 19% of all studies used an optimal design for discovery of possible sex differences and only 5% analyzed with sex as a discovery variable. Of the studies that used males and females - 25% of studies do not disclose sample sizes, 36% of studies used an unbalanced design, and 15% of studies did not use both sexes consistently throughout the paper. The percentage of single sex papers remains unchanged across the ten years at 3% for female-only studies compared to 27% for male-only studies across both disciplines. Neuroscience had fewer papers that analyzed by sex at 20% compared to 61% of Psychiatry papers. We hope that these data will make it evident that more needs to be done to improve the inclusion of males and females in future studies to improve the health of men and women.

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Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Neurological Disorders

Cited by 26 publications

References 124 publications

An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences

An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences

What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?

Harnessing the Power of Sex Differences: What a Difference Ten Years Did Not Make

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