Effects of the physico-chemical nature of two biomimetic crystals on the innate immune response

The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants: how do they really work?

“…Similarly, the particulate forms of aluminium found in clinically approved adjuvants are not expected to exert a 'physical' or 'morphology-based' toxicity on, for example, cell or lysosomal membranes [21] as has been suggested for silica [7] or crystals of monosodium urate [22]. Though often inferred, there is very little direct evidence in the scientific literature [23] of the acute toxicity of clinically approved Al ADJ in tissues in the vicinity of the injection site [1].…”

“…Phagocytosis of Al ADJ by innate cells is not by itself sufficient to result in the subsequent intracellular lysis of the phagolysosome and activation of the Nalp3 inflammasome. As already mentioned, particulates of Al ADJ , including the poorly crystalline boehmite of commercial aluminium hydroxide preparations, cannot disrupt membrane structures through 'morphology-based' toxicity [21]. However, it is possible that the integrity of phagolysosomes might be disrupted if their contents were acidified by an active process that thereby promoted the dissolution of the particulate aluminium and release of membrane-damaging Al 3+ (aq) [43].…”

The Risk Evaluation of Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles in Cultured Rat Liver Cells for Its Safe Applications in Nanotechnology

“…Cytotoxicity, inflammation and increased oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are prominently discussed to be relevant factors regarding the safety of small particles down to the nano-range (Knaapen et al 2004;Unfried et al 2007;Lewinski et al 2008;Turkez 2008 and2011). It has been reported that different sizes and morphologies of NPs have the potential to influence the interaction with many kind of biomolecules, including proteins, enzymes and DNA (Grandjean-Laquerriere et al 2005;Ramesh et al 2007;Xu et al 2012). The liver was considered as a target site for nanotoxicity due to its accumulative properties after ingestion, inhalation or absorption (Wang et al 2011).…”

Health risk assessments of lithium titanate nanoparticles in rat liver cell model for its safe applications in nanopharmacology and nanomedicine

“…Cytotoxicity, inflammation and increased oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are prominently discussed to be relevant factors regarding the safety of small particles down to the nano-range (Knaapen et al 2004;Unfried et al 2007;Lewinski et al 2008;Turkez 2008Turkez , 2011. It has been reported that different sizes and morphologies of nanoparticles have the potential to influence the interaction with many kinds of biomolecules including proteins, enzymes and DNA (GrandjeanLaquerriere et al 2005;Ramesh et al 2007;Xu et al 2012). Moreover, the liver was considered a target site for NP toxicity, due to NP accumulation within it after ingestion, inhalation or absorption .…”